MODARON

DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE TYPES

HOT-ARID CLIMATE

• THICK WALLS

• THERMAL MASS

• SHADE

• SMALL WINDOWS

• WATER FEATURES

• COURTYARDS

• LOW-E WINDOWS

• BOTTOM OF A VALLEY

• SOUTH OF A POND

HOT-HUMID CLIMATE

• LARGE OPENINGS FOR BREEZES

• LONG EAST-WEST DIMENSIONS

• ORIENTATION TO BREEZES

• TALL CEILINGS

• CEILING FANS

• SPRAWLING BUILDING FORM

• TOP OF A HILL

• SOUTH OF A POND

TEMPERATE CLIMATE

• LONG EAST-WEST DIMENSION

• INSULATION

• SOUTH FACING WINDOWS

• BUFFERS FOR WINTER WINDS

• MINIMIZE NORTH FACE OF BUILDING

• MAXIMIZE SOUTH FACE OF BUILDING

• DECIDUOUS TREES ON SOUTH SIDE OF BUILDING

• ¾ OF THE WAY UP A HILL

COLD CLIMATE

• COMPACT BUILDING FORM TO MINIMIZE HEAT LOSS

• SLIGHTER LONGER IN THE EAST-WEST DIRECTION

• INSULATION

• LOW U-VALUE WINDOWS

• MEASURE OF HOW MUCH HEAT TRANSFERRED THROUGH THE WINDOW

• AIR TIGHTNESS

• EVERGREEN TREES ON THE WINDY SIDE OF THE BUILDING AS BUFFER

• ¼ OF WAY UP A HILL

• NORTH SIDE OF A POND

THERMAL

FOR A SOUTH FACING WINDOW (TEMPERATE CLIMATE, NORTHERN HEMISPHERE) WHICH BUILDING TYPE WOULD BENEFIT MORE FROM THE USE OF GLASS WITH A HIGHER SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC)? A SKIN-LOAD-DOMINATED BUILDING OR AN INTERNAL-LOAD-DOMINATED BUILDING?

• A SKIN-LOAD-DOMINATED BUILDING

SKIN-LOAD-DOMINATED BUILDINGS 

• HAVE A LOT OF SURFACE AREA RELATIVE TO THEIR VOLUME, SO INFLUENCED HEAVILY BY THE CONDITIONS OUTSIDE

INTERNAL-LOAD-DOMINATED BUILDINGS 

• IE SMALL OFFICE BUILDINGS, THEATERS, BIG HOSPITALS, ETC

0 < (SHGC) < 1

• HIGH SHGC IS TYP AROUND 0.7 TO 0.9

• LOW SHGC IS TYP AROUND 0.2 TO 0.4

LOW-E WINDOWS 

• BOAST LOW HEAT GAIN

• IDEAL FOR HOT CLIMATES

LOW-U VALUE

• BOASTS  BETTER INSULATION

• IDEAL FOR COLD CLIMATES

SOLAR INSOLATION

• AMOUNT OF HEAT COMING THROUGH

• HIGH SOLAR HEAT ON THE SOUTH TO WARM UP THAT CONCRETE MASS (FLOOR)

• LOW SOLAR HEAT GAIN ON THE NORTH

GLAZING

• LOW E GLASS LETS LESS HEAT COME INTO A ROOM FROM THE SUNLIGHT

• DESIRABLE IN HOT CLIMATE AREAS

• LOW U GLASS LETS LESS HEAT BE TRANSMITTED OUT FROM INSIDE OF A ROOM

• DESIRABLE IN COLD CLIMATE AREAS

BTU’S

• HOW MANY BTU’S ARE REQUIRED TO MOVE 1 POUND OF WATER FROM 70 TO 71 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT?

• 1

• HOW MANY BTU’S ARE REQUIRED TO MOVE 2 POUNDS OF WATER FROM 70 TO 71 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT?

• 2

• HOW MANY BTU’S ARE REQUIRED TO MOVE 2 POUNDS OF WATER FROM 70 TO 72 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT?

• 4

• HOW MANY BTU’S ARE REQUIRED TO MOVE 1 POUNDS OF WATER FROM 72 TO 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT?

• 212 - 72 = 140 BTU’S

HOW MANY BTU’S ARE REQUIRED TO MOVE 1 POUNDS OF WATER FROM 212 DEGREES WATER  TO 212 DEGREES STEAM?

• 1061 BTU’S

HUMIDITY

• YOU ACTUALLY SWEAT MORE WHEN IT IS DRY NOT WHEN IT IS HUMID

• THE DRY AIR ALLOWS FOR THE SWEAT TO EVAPORATE OFF YOUR SKIN

• WHEN THINGS EVAPORATE THEY MAKE EVERYTHING AROUND THEM COLD

• WARMER AIR CAN HOLD MORE MOISTURE

• COOLER AIR CAN’T HOLD AS MUCH AND RESULTS IN DEW

LOW-E GLASS

• BOASTS A LOW SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT

CLIMATE

• A LOCALE THAT GENERALLY HAS COOL SUMMERS IS LIKELY TO HAVE FEW COOLING DEGREE DAYS

TEMPERATE CLIMATE

• FOR A TEMPERATE CLIMATE (WARM SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS), HEAT TRANSFER FOR CONDUCTION (Q) IS MORE OF A CONCERN FOR WINTER AS OPPOSED TO SUMMER BECAUSE THE DELTA T’S ARE HIGHER

• CONDUCTION IS A BIGGER DEAL IN THE WINTER

• LATENT HEAT GAINS AND SOLAR HEAT GAINS BECAUSE A BIG DEAL IN THE SUMMERS

INSULATION

• R VALUE OF 10 IS MOST APPROPRIATE FOR AN INSULATING MATERIAL

HVAC

HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATION, AIR CONDITIONING) 

• HEATING/COOLING

EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION

• LIQUID TO GAS

• REQUIRES A LOT OF HEAT TO CHANGE LIQUID TO GAS (EVAPORATION)

• REVERSE OF THAT

• WE PRODUCE HEAT WHEN WE GO FROM GAS TO LIQUID (CONDENSATION)

COOLANT THAT IS 

• EVAPORATING OR BOILING IS COOL

• CONDENSING IS WARM

BOILING POINT OF A FLUID

•  FUNCTION OF PRESSURE (AS WELL AS TEMPERATURE)

LOW PRESSURE INDUCES BOILING

• PULLING APART DENSER LIQUID MOLECULES AND THUS CHANGES THEIR STATE TO A GAS

HIGH PRESSURE INDUCES CONDENSATION

• COMPRESSING THE GAS MOLECULES INTO A DENSER LIQUID

BOILING AND CONDENSING 

• ACCOMPLISHED BY PRESSURIZING AND DEPRESSURIZING THE COOLANT

COOLING

• AIR HANDLING UNIT HAS A LONGER DUCT RUN THAN A FAN COIL UNIT

• A FAN COIL UNIT IS ESSENTIALLY A FAN IN THE ROOM

AC (AIR CONDITIONING)

• IN THE COMPRESSION-REFRIGERATION LOOP (AIR CONDITIONING), WHICH IS LIKELY TO BE WARMER: CONDENSER COIL OR EVAPORATOR COIL?

• CONDENSER COIL

HEAT PUMP

• CAN EITHER HEAT OR COOL

• JUST NEEDS TO REVERSE THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOW OF THE COOLANT, THE PUMP THAT MOVES THE REFRIGERANT AROUND IN THE CYCLE

PLUMBING

UNDERGROUND PIPE

• TYPE K

ORDER OF THICKNESS OF PIPE

• TYPE K: THICKEST

• TYPE L: MEDIUM (MOST COMMON FOR SUPPLY LINES)

• TYPE M: THINNER (MIGHT TAKE CONDENSATION FROM EVAP COIL)

• TYPE DWV

STACK VENT UTILIZES WHICH PIPE?

• TYPE DWV

• FOR DRAINAGE AND VENTS

SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER

• NEVER MEET

• VIA AIR GAP

BACKFLOW PREVENTER

• WATER RUNS ONE WAY, SHOULD WATER BACK UP, INSTEAD OF PULLING FROM THE WATER, A MECHANISM MAKES IT SO AIR FILLS THE PIPE

VALVES

• GATE VALVE: MOSTLY USED FOR MAINTENANCE

• GLOBE VALVE: MOSTLY USED FOR FAUCETS, REPEATED USE

• CHECK VALVE: USED FOR BACKFLOW PREVENTION

WATER PRESSURE

• P (PRESSURE) = 0.433 (CONSTANT x HEIGHT)

• FOR 75 FEET, WATER PRESSURE = 32 PSI (75 x 0.433)

• MIN PRESSURE FOR FIXTURES RANGES BETWEEN 4 PSI TO 20 PSI

• WATER MAIN TYP 50 PSI BUT CAN ALSO BE UP TO 70 PSI

WATER GRAPHICS FOR DRAWINGS/DIAGRAMS

• PLUMBING SUPPLY LINE FOR COLD WATER: LONG DASH ONE DOT LONG DASH ONE DOT LONG DASH ONE DOT

• PLUMBING SUPPLY LINE FOR HOT WATER: LONG DASH TWO DOTS LONG DASH TWO DOTS LONG DASH TWO DOTS

• PLUMBING SUPPLY LINE FOR CONVECTIVE LOOP: LONG DASH THREE DOTS LONG DASH THREE DOTS LONG DASH THREE DOTS 

CONVECTIVE LOOP 

• ALWAYS MAINTAINS WARM WATER THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING SO WHEN YOU TURN ON HOT WATER, IT'S NOT HOT INSTANTANEOUSLY BUT ITS NOT COLD EITHER, IT'S SORT OF WARM

WATER WASTE

• BLACK WATER 

• INVOLVES HUMAN WASTE OR FOOD WASTE IE KITCHEN SINK OR TOILET

• GRAY WATER DOES NOT INCLUDE HUMAN WASTE OR FOOD WASTE

• LAVATORIES, WASHING MACHINES, SHOWERS

HARD WATER

• MINERALS IN WATER THAT CLOG UP PIPING

INSULATE PIPES

• TO KEEP HEAT OR COOLTH OVER LONG DISTANCES

• INSULATE COLD WATER PIPES

ELECTRICITY (EDISON VS TESLA STORY BELOW IN GREY)

EDISON (DIRECT CURRENT) VS TESLA (ALTERNATING CURRENT)

END OF 1800’S THOMAS EDISON WAS ESTABLISHED

& TESLA FROM A YOUNGER GENERATION  WAS JUST AS BRILLIANT AND HARD WORKING  LESS OF A SHOWMAN, KIND OF AWKWARD, ETC

HAD SOME KIND OF OCD WHERE HE HAD TO DO EVERYTHING IN FACTORS OF THREE

TESLA COMES TO WORK FOR EDISON THROUGH SOME SORT OF A REFERRAL

TESLA CONTINUALLY TRIES TALKING EDISON INTO MOVING TOWARDS ALTERNATING CURRENT

EDISON WHO OWNS ALL THE PATENTS ON DIRECT CURRENT PREFERS TO IGNORE TESLA

AT ONE POINT THEIR CONFLICTING STYLES COME TO A HEAD

EDISON PROMISED TESLA $50K IF HE COULD SOLVE AN ENGINEERING PROBLEM THAT HE HAD, WHICH HE DID, AND THEN WAS NOT GIVEN THE $50K

SO HE QUIT

EDISON WAS A FAMOUS INVENTOR BUT HE WANTED TO EVOLVE INTO A CAPTAIN OF INDUSTRY SORT OF LIKE STEVE JOBS

TESLA IS INTRODUCED TO GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE EVENTUALLY

TESLA EXPLAINS TO WESTINGHOUSE THE ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT

WESTING GETS ON BOARD AND THEY GO UP AGAINST EDISON

EVENTUALLY ALTERNATING CURRENT WON

BATTERY & MORE

• PRODUCES VOLTAGE (OR PRESSURE)

• IN EDISON'S DAY THEY CALLED VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL PRESSURE

• VOLTAGE SENDS ELECTRICITY THROUGH WIRING AS CURRENT

• CURRENT IS EQUIVALENT TO PIPE SIZE (SIMILAR TO WATER FLOW)

• BIGGER WIRE WILL CARRY MORE CURRENT

• WHICH GOES AGAINST A RESISTOR IE A LAMP

• THERE IS A SWITCH THAT WHEN IT IS CONNECTED IT CONNECTS A CIRCUIT

• ELECTRICITY IS THE MOVEMENT OF FREE ELECTRONS IN A MEDIUM

• IT'S THE MOVEMENT THAT MAKES THE WHOLE THING WORK

WHAT KIND OF MATERIALS HAVE A LOT OF FREE ELECTRONS?

• METALS

DIRECT CURRENT

• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE END OF BATTERY

• WHICH GOES THROUGH A CONDUCTOR

• CONDUCTOR IS OFTEN WRAPPED IN AN INSULATOR

• AND THEN GO THROUGH A RESISTOR LIKE A LIGHT BULB OR LAMP

• AND IT WILL COME BACK

• THE ELECTRONS WILL MOVE THROUGH THE CONDUCTOR, ACROSS THE RESISTOR (LIGHT BULB), THE BULB WILL LIGHT UP, AND IT WILL RETURN, AND EVENTUALLY THE PRESSURE AT THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ENDS AT THE BATTERY WILL BE EVEN

ALTERNATING CURRENT

• WE ARE TAKING A POWER SOURCE, MOVING IT ACROSS THE RESISTOR BACK AND FORTH

• IN THE US WE MOVE IT BACK AND FORTH 60 TIMES PER SECOND

• PARTS OF EUROPE IT IS 50 TIMES PER SECOND

• THAT IS WHY YOU NEED AN ADAPTOR

OHMS LAW

• W (POWER IN WATTS) = I (CURRENT IN AMPS) x V (VOLTAGE IN VOLTS)

• W: LIKE GALLONS PER MINUTE COMING OUT OF THE HOSE

• I: SIZE OF THE HOSE

• V: PRESSURE OF THE HOSE

CRUCKS OF WHY TESLA’S ALTERNATING CURRENT WON

WHEN YOU RUN HIGH VOLTAGES YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO STEP THEM DOWN

START AT POWER PLANT AND PRODUCE SAY 60,000 VOLTS (COULD BE HIGHER)

REGIONAL FEEDERS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES THAT LOOK LIKE GIANT ERECTOR SETS AND DOT THE LANDSCAPE HIGH OFF THE GROUND

THEY ARE HIGH OFF THE GROUND BECAUSE WE DON'T WANT THE POWERS TO ARC

BECAUSE THEY ARE LIVE

BIRDS CAN REST ON THEM BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT TOUCHING THE GROUND AND THEY DON'T HAVE THE BEST PATH FOR THE ELECTRONS TO GO THROUGH BUT IF IT WAS A SQUIRREL THE SQUIRREL COULD GET ZAPPED IF HE PRODUCES A BETTER PATH FOR THE ELECTRONS TO MAKE THEIR WAY TO THE GROUND IE THE TAIL TOUCHES THE WIRE AND THE NOSE TOUCHES THE POLE THAT SUPPORTS IT

THE VOLTS  MOVE ACROSS THE COUNTRY FROM THE POWER PLANT TO POWER SUBSTATIONS

SUBSTATIONS STEP VOLTAGE DOWN FROM IE 60,000 TO SAY 12,000

IT THEN RUNS ON WOODEN POLES THROUGHOUT THE CITY UNTIL IT REACHES THE BUILDINGS

AT THE BUILDING THERE IS ANOTHER TRANSFORMER THAT TRANSFORMS THE 12,000V TO 120V

TESLA’S ALT CURRENT WON BECAUSE AT THE TIME, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO STEP DOWN THE DIRECT CURRENT

AT THE TIME, WE DIDN'T HAVE THE EQUIPMENT TO STEP DOWN VOLTAGE, WE DIDN'T HAVE TRANSFORMERS THAT WORKED W DIRECT CURRENT, ONLY WITH ALT CURRENT

THERE WOULD NEED TO BE A POWER PLANT IE A SMALL GENERATOR EVERY FEW BLOCKS

BECAUSE WE COULDN'T TAKE DIRECT CURRENT TOO FAR

BECAUSE IF WE TRIED TO DO SO

WE WOULD NEED TOO MUCH WATTAGE

IF WE NEED TOO MUCH WATTAGE, WE NEED BIGGER PIPES, WHICH MEANS WE NEED MORE AMPERAGE

IF WE NEED MORE AMPERAGE OVER LONG DISTANCES

WE HAVE TOO MUCH HEAT BUILD UP AND TOO MUCH ELECTRICITY LOST TO ELECTROMAGNETISM IN THE TRANSMISSION

SO, IN EDISON’S MODE, IT WAS A DISTRIBUTED MODEL WHERE THERE WERE POWER PLANTS KIND OF EVERYWHERE

WITH TESLA’S MODEL, YOU COULD PUT REMOTE POWER PLANTS

WHEN/WHERE DIRECT CURRENT IS STILL USED

• UNDERWATER: IF WE ARE TRYING TO TIE GREAT BRITAIN TO MAINLAND EUROPE

GROUND IS NEUTRAL

• HOT WIRE TAKES POWER FROM THE POWER PLANT

• AND THOSE ELECTRONS ARE MOVING BACK AND FORTH

• AND THERE IS A NEUTRAL WIRE

• IF THE CIRCUIT IS CONNECTED

• THE ELECTRONS IN THE NEUTRAL WIRE ARE ALSO MOVING BACK AND FORTH

• THE NEUTRAL WIRE IS GROUNDED, IT DOESN’T GO BACK TO THE POWER PLANT

• PUTTING ELECTRONS INTO THE GROUND AND TAKING THEM OUT, PUTTING IN AND TAKING OUT

CAPACITORS

• SMOOTH OUT POWER FLOW

• BECAUSE WE CAN’T STORE POWER

• WE CAN STORE ELECTRICITY, BUT NOT POWER

FOR A BUILDING WITH 277/480 VOLT, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE SERVICE, TYPICALLY THE ELECTRIC LIGHTING RUNS ON HOW MANY VOLTS?

• 277 VOLTS

120 V SINGLE PHASE 2 WIRE (LIKE A SHED)

• ONE 120 VOLT SINGLE PHASE 2 WIRE IS FOR A SMALL BUILDING 

• ONE NEUTRAL WIRE

• WE HAVE A HOT WIRE AT 120V GOING INTO THE BUILDING AND A NEUTRAL

• IF THE CIRCUIT IS ON, ELECTRICITY RUNS THROUGH THE WIRE AND LIGHTS UP THE BULB

120 VOLT / 240 VOLT, SINGLE PHASE, 3 WIRE (LIKE A HOUSE)

• ONE 120 V WIRE FOR SOME CIRCUITS IN THE HOUSE

• YET ANOTHER 120 V WIRE FOR OTHER CIRCUITS IN THE HOUSE

• ONE NEUTRAL WIRE

• CERTAIN APPLIANCES REQUIRE MORE WATTAGE IE 240V 

• WHICH CONNECTS THE TWO 120V LINES

• HIGHER VOLTAGE/WATTAGE APPLIANCES

• AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (WHICH RUNS ON 240)

• ELECTRIC RANGE

• ELECTRIC DRYER

120 VOLT / 208 VOLT, 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE

• ONE 120 V WIRE

• ANOTHER 120 V WIRE

• AND YET ANOTHER 120 V WIRE

• ONE NEUTRAL WIRE

• ELECTRONS ARE MOVING BACK AND FORTH BUT THEY ARE NOT IN PHASE, THEY ARE STAGGERED

• STAGGER MAKES IT SO THAT THERE IS ALWAYS ELECTRONS MOVING THROUGH ONE OF THE THREE WIRES

• SO IN THIS CASE WE HAVE 120 + 120 + 120 = 208 WHICH IS

• 120 TIMES THE SQUARE ROOT OF 3

• 208 V FOR THINGS THAT NEED MORE POWER

277 VOLT / 480 VOLT, 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE (FOR LARGE BUILDINGS)

(SIMILAR AS THE LAST SETUP BUT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE)

• ONE 277 V WIRE

• ANOTHER 277 V WIRE

• AND YET ANOTHER 277 V WIRE

• ONE NEUTRAL WIRE

• MICRO TRANSFORMERS THAT TAKE 277 V AND STEP THEM DOWN TO 120 AROUND BRANCH CIRCUITS SERVICES ROOMS OUTLETS

POWER AND ELECTRICITY

• POWER WE CAN NOT STORE

• ELECTRICITY IS POWER OVER TIME

3-WAY SWITCH

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF W HOW IT WORKS, TOGGLING ON/OFF FROM EITHER SWITCH, IT WILL GO ON/OFF REGARDLESS OF IF IT IS UP OR DOWN 

• ***(SIMILAR TO HOW THE L-SHAPE HALLWAY WORKS AT HOME)***

4-WAY SWITCH

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF W HOW IT WORKS

DOUBLE-POLE SINGLE-THROW SWITCH

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF W HOW IT WORKS

ACOUSTICS

HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE BETWEEN WHEN THE SOURCE SOUND IS MADE AND THE RECEIVER SOUND IS HEARD FROM 20 FEET APART?

• 20 MILLISECONDS SINCE IT IS 1 FOOT PER MILLISECOND

WHEN SOUND IMPINGES ON A SURFACE OF A BUILDING, IE THE INTERIOR

• SOME OF THE ENERGY PASSES THROUGH

• SOME OF THE SOUND ENERGY IS ABSORBED

• AND REASSIGNED AS HEAT IN THE MATERIAL

MOLECULES INSIDE OF THE BUILDING MATERIAL

• WHEN THEY ARE IMPINGED UPON BY THE SOUND ENERGY, THEY MOVE, AND AS THEY RUB TOGETHER THEY LOSE SOME OF THE ENERGY THROUGH FRICTION

• FINALLY SOME OF THE ENERGY IS REFLECTED

ALL THREE ARE HAPPENING SIMULTANEOUSLY: TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION, AND REFLECTION

1. GLASS: A LOT OF SOUND IS TRANSMITTED INTO THE ROOM, NOT MUCH IS ABSORBED,  SOME REFLECTED

2. CONCRETE: SOME SOUND IS TRANSMITTED INTO THE ROOM, A LITTLE BIT IS ABSORBED, SOME REFLECTED

3. CONCRETE WITH FIBERGLASS FIBER LAYER: LITTLE SOUND TRANSMITTED INTO THE ROOM, A LOT OF IT IS ABSORBED, NOT MUCH REFLECTED

WHEN DO WE USE SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS?

• WHEN WE HAVE EXCESSIVE REVERBERATION ESPECIALLY FOR IE A LECTURE ROOM, ETC

SPECULAR REFLECTION (SOUND BOUNCING)

• ANGLE OF REFLECTION = THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 

REVERBERATION TIME

• THE AMOUNT OF TIME IT TAKES FOR A SOUND TO DROP BY 60 DECIBELS

ESTABLISH MAX NOISE LEVELS

• A-WEIGHTED DECIBELS (dBA)

• NOISE CRITERIA

IBC REQUIRES A MIN LEVEL OF 50 BETWEEN UNITS IN MULTIFAMILY HOUSING

• SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (SDC)

• IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC)

SPACE FOR UNAMPLIFIED MUSIC PERFORMANCE IS TOO DRY (SOUND DIES TOO QUICKLY)

• REVERBERATION TIME (RT)

• NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC)

FIELD TEST MEASUREMENTS INCLUDE INFLUENCE OF FLANKING NOISE

• TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)

• SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC)

• IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC)

HIGHER NUMBER VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH QUIETER ROOMS

• NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC)

• TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)

• SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC)

• IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC)

LIGHTING

***LAMP CAN BE CALLED BULB IN LINGO OF LIGHTING***

DESPITE THE FULL HEIGHT APERTURES ON THREE WALLS OF SCREENED-IN PORCHES, OCCUPANTS JUDGE THE SPACES TO BE DARK, WHAT IS THE EXPLANATION FOR THAT?

• THE DARK COLORED FLOOR, CEILING, AND MULLIONS PRODUCES EXCESS CONTRAST

LIGHT IS FOUR DIMENSIONAL

1. BRIGHTNESS

2. COLOR

3. TIME

4. CONTRAST

IRIS

• COLORED PART OF THE EYE THAT CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT ENTERS THE EYE

• WILL OPEN OR CLOSE

• IT WILL ALLOW MORE LIGHT IN WHEN IT IS A DARK ENVIRONMENT AND LESS LIGHT IN WHEN IT IS A BRIGHT ENVIRONMENT

AN ENVIRONMENT THAT HAS MANY DARK SURFACES 

• IE FLOORS, WALLS, MULLIANS

• AND AROUND THEM THERE ARE BRIGHT SURFACES IE VIEWS TO OUTSIDE

• THE DARK SURFACES CONFUSES YOUR EYES

• YOUR EYES WILL TREAT IT AS IF IT IS A DARK ENVIRONMENT TO PROTECT YOUR EYES

HOW WE MEASURE LIGHT

• HOW MUCH LIGHT IS COMING OFF OF A LAMP

LUMENS 

• LIGHT LEVELS IN IE HOW MUCH LIGHT COMING OFF OF THE BULB

RECEIVER

• WHAT IS FALLING ON THE DESK HEIGHT

LIGHT SHELF

• SHADES THE NEAREST SPACE CLOSEST TO THE WINDOW

• ISSUE WITH DAYLIGHTING IS BRINGING LIGHT INTO THE DARKEST PART OF THE ROOM

INCANDESCENT LAMP

(INCLUDES TRADITIONAL INCANDESCENT AND HALOGEN)

• ADVANGATES

• VERY HIGH COLOR RENDITION

• ALL COLORS THAT WE CAN SEE ARE IN THE LAMP

• CRI OF 100

• DISADVANTAGES

• GIVES OFF A LOT OF HEAT

• 90-93% OF WATTS IN IT ARE COMING OUT AS HEAT

• A LOT OF WATTS GOING IN AND NOT MUCH LUMENS COMING OUT

• WILL NEED TO USE EVEN MORE WATTS FOR AC TO COOL SPACE THAT IS BEING LIT BY HOT SOURCES

• DO NOT LAST THAT LONG, BUT ARE VERY INTERCHANGEABLE 

FLUORESCENT LAMP

• DIFF TECHNOLOGY THAN INCANDESCENTS, INSTEAD OF HEATING UP A FILAMENT IT USES PHOSPHORUS (POWDER)

• DISCHARGE LAMP (OLDER TECHNOLOGY)

• ADVANTAGES

• HIGHER EFFICACY (WE GET MORE LUMENS PER WATT) BUT QUALITY OF LIGHT IS NOT SO GOOD

• MUCH COOLER, PRODUCES LESS HEAT

• DISADVANTAGES

• QUALITY OF LIGHT IS NOT AS GOOD

• CRI RANGES BETWEEN 70-85ISH

METAL HALIDE LAMP

• ADVANGATES

• CRI 85, WHICH IS PRETTY GOOD

• PRODUCES A COOL LIGHT (SO IT HAS A HIGH TEMPERATURE)

• USED IN STADIUMS, ETC, 

• DISADVANTAGES

• HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP, INSTEAD OF POWDER, IT USES A GAS TO LIGHT UP

• TAKES A LONG TIME TO TURN ON 

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

• ADVANTAGES

• EFFICIENT, VERY LONG LIFE

• GOOD FOR IE STREET LIGHTS, CAN LAST UP TO 25,000 HOURS

• DISADVANTAGES

• LOW CRI OF 20, NOT ALL THE COLORS COME OUT (MAINLY YELLOWS, NOT SO MUCH OF BLUES)

• USED FOR OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS, COLOR RENDITION IS NOT TOO GOOD, WARM COLOR

• YELLOWS COME OUT WELL BUT NOT SO MUCH OF BLUES

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

(IT IS NOT USED ANYMORE)

• HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM REPLACED LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHT

• DISADVANTAGES

• IT HAS A CRI OF PRACTICALLY 0 (OR MAYBE 1), ALL COLORS COME OUT GREY

LED LAMP

• TOTALLY DIF TECHNOLOGY

• ADVANTAGES

• VERY HIGH CRI ABOUT 85 OR SO

• PRODUCE VERY LITTLE HEAT

• CAN LIGHT UP IN ANY COLOR

• DISADVANTAGES

• FADE OUT IF SCREWED INTO OLD SOCKETS

PERTAINING TO THE LIST OF  LIGHT TYPES ABOVE (TOP DOWN) IN GENERAL WE ARE MOVING FROM

• SHORTER LAMP LIFE TO LONGER LAMP LIFE

• LESS EFFICIENT TO MORE EFFICIENT

• BETTER CRI TO WORSE CRI

• MORE INTERCHANGEABLE TO LESS INTERCHANGEABLE

• MORE HEAT PRODUCED TO LESS HEAT PRODUCED

• MORE INSTANT-ON TO TAKES A WHILE TO WARM UP/TURN ON

CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE 

• COLOR THE LIGHT APPEARS IE BLUEISH (WARMER)  VS IE YELLOWISH (COOLER)

• ***LIGHTS MAY LOOK ‘COOLER’ IF THEY ARE MORE BLUEISH AND ‘WARMER’ IF THEY ARE MORE YELLOWISH BUT THE LOOK OF THE COLOR OF THE LAMP IS OPPOSITE TO THE ACTUAL TEMPERATURE***

• THE LOWER THE TEMPERATURE, THE WARMER THE LIGHT (THE COLDER =  THE MORE YELLOWISH)

• THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE THE COOLER THE LIGHT (THE HOTTER = THE MORE BLUEISH)

LUMENS

• MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT IN A SOURCE

LUMENS PER WATT MEASURED IN  EFFICACY

• WE WANT MORE LUMENS PER WATT, THAT MAKES FOR A MORE EFFICIENT LIGHT

BALLAST

• PIECE OF EQUIPMENT THAT REGULATES THE CURRENT

• STARTING CURRENT > CONTINUATION CURRENT

SOMETIMES THE BALLAST IS INSIDE THE LIGHT FIXTURE

• OLD VERSIONS USED TO BE CALLED MAGNETIC (THEY SOMETIMES HUMMED)

• NEW VERSIONS CALLED ELECTRIC

BALLAST HAS TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE FIXTURE

• MIGHT SCREW IN BUT STILL DOES NOT WORK IF BALLAST IS NOT THE RIGHT ONE FOR THAT FIXTURE

DISCHARGE LAMPS REQUIRE BALLASTS

• FLUORESCENT

• METAL HALIDE

• HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM 

WAYS WE MEASURE LIGHT/LAMPS

• CRI (COLOR RENDERING INDEX)

• 0-100 (100 MEANS ALL COLORS PRESENT)

• CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE

• MEASURED IN DEGREES K (COLOR THE LAMP LOOKS LIKE)

• HIGHER COLOR TEMP = A BLUER LIGHT

• LOWER COLOR TEMP = MORE YELLOWISH LIGHT

• EFFICACY (EFFICIENCY OF THE LIGHT

• MEASURED IN LUMENS PER WATT

• LAMP LIFE

• HOW LONG THE LIGHT LASTS (HRS) BEFORE IT NEEDS TO BE REPLACED

LAMP TYPES CRI CCT TEMP IN K EFFICACY LAMP LIFE (HRS)

INCANDESCENT 100 2500 DEGREES 20 2000

FLUORESCENT 80 ??? 70 15000

METAL HALIDE 85 4000 DEGREES 80 15000

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM 20 2000 DEGREES 100 25000

LED 85 ??? 90+ 85

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Az05_jzgNw

INCANDESCENT

• INCANDESCENT AND HALOGEN

DISCHARGE

• REQUIRES BALLAST TO START THE CHARGE AND THEN MAINTAIN IT

• DISCHARGE AND HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

• DISCHARGE: FLUORESCENTS & NEONS

• HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE: METAL HALIDE AND HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM, THERE ARE ALSO LOW PRESSURE SODIUM AND MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS (REPLACED BY METAL HALIDE, AND LOW PRESSURES ARE REPLACED BY HIGH PRESSURES)

MISC IMPORTANT

FOOTCANDLES

• ONE LUMEN PER SQUARE FOOT

• BRITISH MEASUREMENT

• USING THE METRIC SYSTEM LUMEN IS MEASURED BY A SQUARE METER OR A LUX

• THUS A FOOTCANDLE IS = TO APPROX 10 LUX (OR 10.57 LUX TO BE EXACT)

LAMP LUMENS

• AVAILABLE LIGHT PER ‘BULB’

LAMPS PER FIXTURE

• ‘BULBS’ PER LAMP

NUMBER OF FIXTURES

• JUST WHAT YOU THINK IT IS/WHAT IT SOUNDS LIKE

CU = COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

• % OF LIGHT THAT REACHES THE WORKPLANE (0<CU<1)

• (LOSS DUE TO ABSORPTANCE BY FIXTURE AND ROOM SURFACES, GEOMETRY AND COLOR)

LLF = LIGHT LOSS FACTOR

• ALSO % OF LIGHT THAT REACHES THE WORKPLANE (0<LLF<1)

• (LOSS DUE TO LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION, DIRT, BALLAST FACTOR)

IF WE HAVE LLF = 0.9

• IT MEANS THAT 10% OF THE LIGHT IS LOST

[LUX]

• WHENEVER ‘LUX’ IS IN THE BRACKETS LIKE ABOVE IT MEANS UNITS IN METRIC VERSION

DAYLIGHT FACTOR

• MEASURE OF HOW WELL LIT YOUR ROOM IS

• TAKE MEASUREMENT INSIDE WITH LIGHT READER

• FOR DAYLIGHTING, IT IS BETTER TO HAVE A WINDOW HIGHER THAN LOWER TO ACHIEVE MORE DEPTH IN THE ROOM/SPACE

WATTS

• VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR

SOUND 

• LAMBDA (λ) = WAVELENGTH, FT (M)

• C = VELOCITY OF SOUND, FPS (M/S)

• F = FREQUENCY OF SOUND, HZ

WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH ASSOCIATED WITH MIDDLE C?

• SOUND TRAVELS AT 1130 FT PER SEC

• FREQUENCY OF MIDDLE C IS 261 Hz

• 1130 / 261 = 4.3 FT IS THE WAVELENGTH

HUMAN HEARING RANGE

• FROM 20 TO 20,000 Hz

• 20 Hz = 56 FEET

• 20,000 Hz = .75 OF AN INCH

NRC = NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT

• A = TOTAL SABINS (SOUND ABSORBING UNITS)

• S = TOTAL SURFACE AREA IN THE ROOM

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

• ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS

ELEVATOR (TYPES)

• HYDRAULIC 

• CHAINED HYDRAULIC (MID-RISE BUILDINGS)

• 2 RAILS ON EA SIDE OF HYDRAULIC JACK

• 2 PULLEYS ATTACHED TO TOP OF HYDRAULIC JACK

• 2 CHAINZ TIE TOGETHER THE SYSTEM

• CONTROLLER AND PUMP ARE JUST NEAR THE RAILS

• ROPED HYDRAULIC (2-3 FLOOR BUILDINGS)

• 2 RAILS ON EA SIDE OF HYDRAULIC JACK

• 1 PULLEY ATTACHED TO TOP OF HYDRAULIC JACK

• 2 HOISTING ROPES TIE TOGETHER THE SYSTEM

• 1 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CAB

• 1 AT THE BASE OF THE RAILS

• CONTROLLER AND PUMP IN A NEARBY MACHINE ROOM

• TRACTION (IN MOST BUILDINGS LOW RISE OR HIGH RISE)

• OPERATED W A MOTOR, COUNTERWEIGHT, AND ROPE

• MOTOR ATTACHED AT THE TOP OF THE RAIL SYSTEM

• ROPES ARE ATTACHED TO MOTOR THROUGH AN AXEL 

• COUNTERWEIGHTS ARE USED TO OFFSET THE WEIGHT OF CAB

• ALLOWS TO WORK MORE EFFICIENTLY

• (GEARLESS USES LESS POWER WHETHER MR OR MRL)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eNGQnJ6d20

ESCALATORS

• SLOPE: 30 DEGREES TO 35 DEGREES

• SPEED: 100 TO 125 FEET PER MIN

• CLEARANCE: 7 FT VERT CLEARANCE REQUIRED

• CAPACITY: 1.25 PEOPLE PER TREAD

• MAX RISE: 20 TO 40 FT, 60 FT IF SUPPORTED

ROOFS

DRAINS

• IN LOW SLOPED ROOFS, DRAINS SHOULD BE PLACED MIDSPAN, BETWEEN STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS DUE TO DEFLECTION

• THAT IS WHERE PONDING OCCURS

2:12 ROOF AS A PERCENTAGE

• VERTICAL DISTANCE / HORIZONTAL UNIT IT 2/12 = 0.17 (17%)

LOW SLOPED ROOF CONSTRUCTION TYPES

• SLOPE THE STRUCTURE: SLOPE THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS THAT SUPPORT THE ROOF DECK

• TAMPERING THE STRUCTURE: TAPER THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS THAT SUPPORT THE ROOF DECK

• TAPERING THE INSULATION: BUILD LEVEL DECK THEN OVERLAY WITH TAPERED INSULATION BOARD

HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR AND ADDRESS A BLOCKED ROOF DRAIN IN A LOW SLOPED ROOF?

• SECONDARY SYSTEM OF BACKUP DRAINS AND OVERFLOW SCUPPERS. BACK UP DRAINS TO BE 2” HIGHER FOR STANDING WATER, ETC

PENETRATIONS

• PITCH PAN HAS MOST POTENTIAL TO LEAK

• CONE-SHAPED BOOT LESS LIKELY TO LEAK, MECHANICALLY SENDING THE WATER DOWN FROM THE SIDES VS A FLUID AS MENTIONED ABOVE

• CRICKET USES GEOMETRY TO SOLVE FOR LEAKS AND SUCH, IT IS ESSENTIALLY A PITCHED ANGLE TO HELP ROOF FLOW AROUND THE SIDES OF IE A CHIMNEY

WOOD

GETS ATTACKED BY

• TERMITES

• FUNGUS

OUT OF ALL STRUCTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

• WOOD IS THE MOST LEAST DENSE

LAYERS THAT HAVE LIVING CELLS

• CAMBIUM

• SAPWOOD

STEEL

WHICH IS STRONGER, COLD ROLLED STEEL OR MILD ROLLED STEEL?

• COLD ROLLED STEEL

• MOST STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ARE MILD

COLD FORMED, COLD ROLLED, OR COLD DRAWN STEEL 

• STRONGER STEEL FOR CABLING FOR BRIDGES, ETC

WHICH HAS MORE CARBON, CAST IRON OR ROT IRON?

• CAST IRON

CARBON CONTENT IS THE KEY TO STEEL BEHAVIOR

• IF TOO MUCH IT IS HARD AND BRITTLE

• IF TOO LITTLE IT'S MALLEABLE BUT WEAKER

• WE WANT JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF CARBON FOR THE RIGHT MALLEABILITY, AND FOR THE RIGHT STRENGTH

CAST IRON

• HAS A LOT OF CARBON SO IT IS STRONG BUT BRITTLE

ROT IRON

• HAS LESS CARBON SO IT IS MALLEABLE BUT IT IS WEAKER

GIRDER 

• IS LARGER THAN A BEAM

• ESSENTIALLY A LARGER BEAM THAT SUPPORTS SMALLER BEAMS

COLUMNS AND GIRDERS ARE MAIN STRUCTURES

• SUPPORT BEAMS AND THEN EVEN OTHER MORE SECONDARY STRUCTURES

BEAM DEPTH SHOULD BE

• 1/20 OF BEAM SPAN

• IE IF 60’ SPAN, DEPTH SHOULD BE 3’

GIRDER DEPTH SHOULD BE

• 1/15 OF SPAN

WIDTH OF BEAM OR GIRDER SHOULD BE

• 1/3 OF DEPTH

OPEN WEB JOIST DEPTH SHOULD BE

• 1/20 OF SPAN

FOR ROOFS OR LIGHTLY LOADED FLOORS OR CLOSELY SPACED JOISTS

• 1/24 OF SPAN

DECKING PLUS CONCRETE TOP OF IT ALSO ABOUT

• 1/24 SPAN

STEEL DECKING DEPTH IS

• 1/40 OF SPAN

TRIANGULAR STEEL TRUSSES DEPTH SHOULD BE ABOUT

• 1/4 OF SPAN

RECTANGULAR STEEL TRUSSES DEPTH SHOULD BE ABOUT

• 1/8 OF SPAN

STEEL COLUMN SIZING

• BASED ON TOTAL AREA OF FLOOR THAT THE COLUMN WILL BE HOLDING UP ABOVE IT; ALL FLOORS ABOVE IT

•  AS COLUMN SPACING GETS WIDER, AND BUILDING GETS TALLER, WE WILL CORRESPONDINGLY NEED A BEEFIER COLUMN

WHAT MAKES SS DIFF FROM STEEL

• MORE RESISTANT TO WEATHERING 

• THIS WAS A QUESTION ON PDD EXAM

WHAT IS THE DIFF BETWEEN I-BEAM AND WIDE FLANGE BEAM?

• I BEAM HAS BEEN REPLACED BY WIDE FLANGE, I BEAM HAS A WIDER FLANGE AND IS MORE STRUCTURALLY EFFICIENT

IF THE SPAN IS LARGER THAN WHAT A STANDARD BEAM DEPTH CAN HANDLE WE HAVE SOME OTHER CHOICES/OPTIONS

• CASTELLATED BEAMS

• ZIG-ZAG CUT OUT AND TOP PORTION IS LIFTED UP, MOVED OVER, PUT BACK DOWN, REWELDED

• THIS CREATES A DEEPER, LIGHTER BEAM WITH OPENINGS THAT CAN BE USED FOR PENETRATIONS SUCH AS PIPES, ETC

• PLATE GIRDERS

• CUSTOM WIDE FLANGE, WIDER OR NARROWER DEPENDING ON THE FORCES APPLIED TO IT

• STEEL ARCHES

• USE NATURAL GEOMETRY OF A COMPRESSION ARCH

• CABLE STAYS

• USED IN TENSION TO ACHIEVE LARGER SPANS

• STANDARD SHAPES INCLUDE

• STANDARD CHANNEL

• STRUCTURAL TEE

• ANGLES W EQUAL LEGS

• ANGLES W UNEQUAL LEGS

WIDE FLANGE PROPORTIONS

• W12X45: (TALL AND NARROW) USED FOR BEAMS

• W12X120: (SQUARE-ISH) FOR FOUNDATION PILES AND FOR COLUMNS

HOW DEEP IS A W12X120?

• 12 MEANS IT IS 12’ DEEP

• 120 MEANS IT IS 120 LBS PER LINEAR FOOT

WHICH OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST TYPE SPANS THE LONGEST?

• K IS MOST COMMON AND SPANS UP TO 60’

• LH IS LONG SPAN AND SPANS UP TO 96’

• DLH IS DEEP LONG SPAN AND SPANS UP TO 150’

CONNECTIONS 

• TYPICALLY BOLTED OR WELDED OR SOME COMBINATION

SLIP-CRITICAL 

• BOLTING TECHNIQUE PUTS THE BOLT IN TENSION USING HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS

GALLING

• WHEN STEEL ‘TEARS’

WELDS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH

• FILLET WELD

• DOUBLE FILLET WELD

• V-GROOVE WELD

• PUDDLE WELD

• SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD W/ BACKUP BAR

• DOUBLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

• PARTIAL-PENETRATION SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

• V-GROOVE WELD W/ BACKUP BAR

ELEMENTS OF WIDE FLANGE

• FLANGES (TOP AND BOTTOM WIDTHS OF THE ‘I’ )

• WEB (DEPTH OF THE ‘I’)

CONNECTIONS

• A BEAM BETWEEN 2 COLUMNS WITH SHEAR CONNECTION AND THE BEAM BENDS, THE COLUMNS STAND STRAIGHT, THEY DON'T BEND

• IF THERE ARE LATERAL FORCES FROM THE SIDES IE WIND, THAT IS A PROBLEM

• IF WE HAVE A BEAM BETWEEN 2 COLUMNS WITH A MOMENT CONNECTION AND THE BEAM BENDS, THAT WILL INDUCE SOME BENDING IN THE COLUMNS TOO

• STRONGER RESISTANCE TO LATERAL FORCES

STIFFENER PLATES

• A PIECE OF PLATE THAT HELPS SHORE UP THE WEB OF THE COLUMN SO IT CAN HANDLE A BEAM

BACKUP BARS

• USED AS A SHELF TO MAKE FOR EASE OF ERECTION

• BUT MORE SO TO PREVENT THE WELDING ARC FROM BURNING RIGHT THROUGH THE FLANGE

HOW DO YOU ATTACH COLUMNS VERTICALLY IF THEY CAN NOT BE SHIPPED IN FULL LENGTHS OF THE HEIGHT OF YOUR BUILDING?

• SPLICE THEM TOGETHER AND WELD THEM WITH THIRD MEMBER PLATES TO MAKE THEM INTO A COMPOSITE SINGLE COLUMN

HOW DO STEEL COLUMNS DISTRIBUTE THEIR LOAD TO THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION?

• STEEL BASE PLATES, TYPICALLY ON A BED OF GROUT, BASE PLATES HELD DOWN WITH ANCHOR BOLTS, LEVELING NUTS USED TO MAKE SURE COLUMN IS TRULY VERTICAL

WHAT ARE DOG BONE CUTS FOR?

• IF THERE IS AN EARTHQUAKE, THEY MAKE IT SO THINGS BEND BUT DON’T BREAK

• SO THERE WILL BE A DEFORMATION AT THE JOINT INSTEAD OF A CATASTROPHIC FAILURE

COPING

• REMOVE PART OF THE FLANGE AT INTERSECTIONS AND/OR AREAS OF CONFLICT

BRACED FRAMES

• ALLOW STRUCTURAL FRAME TO RESIST LATERAL LOADS

• THEY CAN BE APPLIED TO ONLY ONE BAY OF A BUILDING, OR ONE EVERY SEVERAL BAYS DEPENDING ON SIZE

• BRACING THE WHOLE BUILDING WOULD BE WAY MORE LABOR INTENSIVE AND COSTLY

WHEN DO WE PREFER AN ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME?

• BRACED FRAME |/\| VS ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME |/ \|

• ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES ARE USEFUL FOR EARTHQUAKES AS THEY RESIST LATERAL SEISMIC FORCES WITHOUT BUCKLING

CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS

• ALSO HELP WITH LATERAL SUPPORT SIMILAR TO BRACED FRAMES

• NEEDED IN THE XY (IE EAST-WEST), XZ (IE NORTH-SOUTH), AND YZ (IE IN THE FLOOR PLATES) DIRECTIONS

• TYPICALLY SHEAR WALLS AROUND ELEVATOR CORES, CHASES, ETC

MOMENT FRAMES AND LOADS IN GENERAL

• TYPICAL LATERAL LOADS ARE FROM WIND AND EARTHQUAKES BUT THERE ARE ALSO ECCENTRIC LOADS

• IE LOADS THAT WANT TO TOPPLE SOMETHING (LIKE A RETAINING WALL) OVER

• LOADS WHERE WE ARE TRANSFERRING WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE TO COMPETENT SOILS

• TRANSFER LOADS, IF WE REMOVE A COLUMN, THE WEIGHT OF COLUMN ABOVE WOULD NEED TO BE TRANSFERRED OVER, COLUMN THAT IT RESTS ON WOULD NEED TO BE THICKER/DEEPER

• FULLY RESTRAINED (FR) MOMENT CONNECTIONS: HAVE SUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO TRANSFER MOMENTS WITH NEGLIGIBLE ROTATION BETWEEN CONNECTED MEMBERS

• PARTIALLY RESTRAINED (PR) CONNECTION: HAVE SUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO TRANSFER MOMENTS WITH ROTATION BETWEEN CONNECTED MEMBERS

RECAP ON FOUR TYPES

1. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME

2. SHEAR WALL

3. BRACED FRAME

4. ECCENTRICALLY-BRACED FRAME

STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEM

• EVERY OTHER FLOOR IS A TRUSS AND IT SPANS THE FULL WIDTH OF BUILDING AND FULL HEIGHT OF FLOOR

• EACH TRUSS IS GOING TO HOLD THE FLOOR ABOVE IT AND BELOW IT

• ALLOWS FOR THE FLOOR STRUCTURE DEPTH TO ONLY BE THE THICKNESS OF THE SLAB

RIGID CORE VS RIGID PERIMETER

• RIGID PERIMETER OFFERS MORE LATERAL SUPPORT BECAUSE IT ACTS OVER A LARGER AREA

WHY WOULD WE CURVE A BEAM?

• CAMBER

• TO PRE CURVE SOMETHING IN AN UPWARD DIRECTION TO BETTER RESIST LOADS AND BE MORE FLAT WHEN FULLY LOADED

COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE WORKS WELL FOR COLUMNS BUT WHY DON’T WE USE FOR BEAMS?

• BEAMS WOULD BE TOO HEAVY

WHAT IS A SHEAR STUD, IS IT  A WALL ELEMENT OR A FLOOR ELEMENT?

• IT IS A FLOOR ELEMEN

• ATTACHES A CONCRETE DECK TO A STEEL BEAM (PICTURE AT A CROSS SECTION IN THE FLOOR)

GIRTS

• METAL CHANNELS, IE Z CHANNELS, THAT SPAN ACROSS STEEL COLUMNS, THEY RECEIVE THE EXTERIOR PANELING AND HOLD IT IN PLACE

• COME IN VARIOUS SHAPE

• Z-BAR

• C-CONNECTION

• U-BAR

• L-BAR

• UPSTAND C

• UPSTAND B

• NOTCHED Z-BAR

• HAT BAR

• CONCRETE CURB

WHAT'S A TAGLINE?

• ROPES ATTACHED TO STEEL THAT IS BEING CRANED IN PLACE FOR SOMEONE ONSITE TO LOCATE THEM SPECIFICALLY WHERE THEY NEED TO BE RECEIVED

WHAT ARE DRIFT-PINS?

• ONCE A TAGLINE IS HANGING THE BEAM IN PLACE, DRIFT PINS (TAPERED STEEL PINS)  ARE PLACED THROUGH THE BOLT HOLES TEMPORARILY TO HOLD THE BEAM IN PLACE UNTIL THE ACTUALLY BOLTS ARE PUT IN FOR A PERMANENT CONNECTION

HOW MANY STORIES CAN A STEEL BUILDING BE IF A STRUCTURE IS UNPROTECTED FROM A FIRE?

• 5 STORIES

• STEEL DOES NOT REALLY BURN, IT SOFTENS, 5 STORIES GIVES OCCUPANTS ENOUGH TIME TO FLEE THE BUILDING

• ONCE FIREPROOF (AKA FIRE RESISTING) THERE IS NO LIMIT TO HEIGHT PER CODE

OPTIONS FOR FIREPROOFING

• PLASTER ON LATH

• WATER + ANTIFREEZE (EXOTIC/RARE OPTION)

• REINFORCED CONCRETE

• SPRAY-APPLIED RESISTANT MATERIAL (SFRM)

• SHEET METAL W LOOSE INSULATING FILL

• GYPSUM BOARD

• INTUMESCENT PAINT

INTUMESCENT PAINT

• APPLIED TO STEEL, IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE, IT EXPANDS AND PROTECTS THE STEEL

• ALLOWS US TO EXPOSE THE STEEL WHEN WE NORMALLY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO

WHEN DON’T WE NEED TO FIREPROOF STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS?

• IF WE HAVE A MEMBER THAT HAS A JOB FOR RESISTING LATERAL FORCES ONLY IE CROSS BRACING

• WE NEED FIREPROOFING FOR STRUCTURES THAT RESIST GRAVITY LOADS

WHAT IS THE LEAST EXPENSIVE TYPE OF FABRIC USED AS ENCLOSURE?

1. POLYESTER COATED WITH PVC

1. BUT IS LEAST DURABLE

2. DOES NOT KEEP ITSELF TOO CLEAN TOO WELL

2. GLASS FIBER COATED WITH PTFE (TEFLON)

1. MORE DURABLE

2. KEEPS ITSELF THE MOST CLEAN

3. GLASS FIBER COATED WITH SILICONE

1. MOST DURABLE

2. DOESN’T KEEP ITSELF TOO CLEAN EITHER THOUGH

WHAT HAPPENS IN A TENSILE STRUCTURE IF CURVATURE IS TOO SHALLOW OR TENSION MEMBER IS NOT TIGHT ENOUGH?

• THE WHOLE STRUCTURE WILL FLUTTER OR DEFLECT UNDER WIND AND RAIN AND SNOW AND GRAVITY LOADS

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

• INSTEAD OF TENSION HOLDING THE WHOLE THING DOWN, AIR IS BEING PUMPED INTO THE SPACE

• VERY ENERGY CONSUMING

HMS ALARM

• IRON NAILS HAD TURNED TO MUSH EXCEPT FOR THE ONES WITH PAPER BECAUSE SOMEONE HAD NOT REMOVED THE PAPER FROM AROUND THE NAIL THAT IT WAS SHIPPED IN

• FROM THEN ON IT WAS DECIDED THAT IRON NAILS SHOULD NOT COME INTO CONTACT WITH COPPER SKIN IN THE PRESENCE OF SEA WATER 

WHAT IS WRONG WITH AN ALUMINUM NAIL THROUGH COPPER FLASHING ON A ROOF DETAIL?

• IF WE HAVE TWO METALS TOUCHING WHERE THERE IS GOING TO BE SOME WATER, THERE CAN BE GALVANIC ACTION (AKA GALVANIC CORROSION)

• WHEN WE HAVE METALS WITH DIFFERENT GALVANIC NUMBER RANGING FROM ANODE TO CATHODE

SURFACE ANODE (MOST ACTIVE)

1. ALUMINUM

2. ZINC

3. STEEL

4. IRON

5. STAINLESS STEEL - ACTIVE

6. TIN

7. LEAD

8. COPPER

9. STAINLESS STEEL - PASSIVE

FASTENER CATHODE (LEAST ACTIVE)

IF THE SURFACE IE ALUMINUM OR COPPER ROOF IS CLOSER TO THE ANODE SIDE OF THE LIST AND THE FASTENER IS CLOSER TO THE CATHODE SIDE OF THE LIST 

• IT WILL PROB BE OK

IF THE SURFACE AND FASTENER ARE CLOSE TOGETHER ON THE LIST ARE CLOSE TOGETHER IN NUMBER

•  IT WILL PROB BE OK

IF THE SURFACE AND FASTENER ARE FAR APART ON THE LIST AND THE SURFACE IS ON THE CATHODE SIDE AND THE FASTENER IS ON THE ANODE SIDE, 

• THAT IS WHEN YOU HAVE TROUBLE ( ESPECIALLY IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER)

COMMON DIFFICULT ADJACENCIES

• COPPER AND GALVANIZED STEEL FASTENERS

• UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS OR ROOFS

• BRASS AND STEEL GALVANIZED STEEL FASTENERS

• UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS OR ROOFS

• ALUMINUM AND GALVANIZED STEEL FASTENERS

• UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS OR ROOFS

• COPPER AND ZINC

• STEEL AND ZINC

• MORTAR AND ZINC

• EVEN CERTAIN WOODS WITH LOW PH LIKE WHITE CEDAR OR DOUGLAS FIR WITH ZINC

EMBODIED ENERGY (GENERAL RULES FOR MATERIALS THAT HAVE HIGHER EMBODIED ENERGY)

• MATERIALS THAT ARE MORE FINISHED

• HEAVIER

• MORE PETROLEUM USED

• HIGHER GLUE AMOUNTS

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF HEAT IN PRODUCTION

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF MINING / REFINING

PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE RECYCLED

• 90% OF STEEL IS RECYCLED

• 30% OF ALUMINUM IS RECYCLED

THERMAL BRIDGING OF METAL STUD VS WOODEN STUD

• METAL STUD IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A THERMAL BRIDGE

CONCRETE

USE

• BESIDES WATER, MOST WIDELY USED MATERIAL

• ROMANS INVENTED IT, FOR 1300 YEARS WE DID NOT KNOW HOW TO MAKE CONCRETE, BUT IN 1820’S IN ENGLAND IT WAS PATENTED AS PORTLAND CEMENT

• CONCRETE AND STEEL USUALLY GO TOGETHER

• STEEL IS HIDDEN AND IS DOING MOST OF THE WORK

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCRETE VS CEMENT?

• CEMENT IS ONE OF THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE ALONG W WATER, AGGREGATE, ETC

CONCRETE DRYING TIME

• AT SOME POINT WE HAVE TO DECLARE IT CURED

• 28 DAYS

CHEMICAL PROCESS

• HYDRATION

SHRINKAGE 

• CAUSES CRACKS

WHICH TYPE OF PORTLAND CEMENT IS MOST COMMONLY USED?

• TYPE I (AKA NORMAL CONCRETE)

• STRONGEST

• TYPE IA (NORMAL CONCRETE THAT IS AIR ENTRAINED WHICH ALLOWS FOR FREEZE AND THAW) (BUBBLES ARE ABOUT 5% OF CONCRETE)

• FOR COLD CLIMATE OR MIXED CLIMATES

• STRENGTH APPROACHES THAT OF TYPE I

• TYPE II

• MODERATE RESISTANCE TO SULFATES THAT ARE FOUND IN GROUNDWATER WHICH WEAKEN CONCRETE, CAUSE CRACKS, ETC

• TYPE IIA

• MODERATE RESISTANCE TO SULFATES AND AIR ENTRAINED

• TYPE III

• HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE

• COLD WEATHER

• TYPE IIIA

• HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE AND AIR ENTRAINED

• TYPE IV

• LOW HEAT OF HYDRATION

• UNCOMMON

• USED FOR DAMS, ETC

• TYPE V

• HIGH RESISTANCE TO SULFATES

CONCRETE MIX AGGREGATE SIZE

• AGGREGATE GEOMETRIES OF DIFFERENT SIZES SO THAT SMALLER AGGREGATES CAN TUCK BETWEEN THE LARGER ONES

AGGREGATE RULE OF THUMBS

• < 3/4 THE SIZE OF SPACE BETWEEN REBARS

• < 1/6 DEPTH OF SLAB

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE

• STRUCTURAL: WHICH IS 25% LESS WEIGHT W ABOUT THE SAME STRENGTH THAT USES CRUSHED SHALE THAT IS HEATED AND THEN EXPANDS

• NON-STRUCTURE, INSULATIVE AND 80% LESS WEIGHT, USED FOR ROOFS

CONCRETE STRENGTH

• LARGE RANGE FROM 2,000 PSI TO ABOUT 20,000 PSI (ALL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH)

• NORMAL CONCRETE APPROX BETWEEN  3,000 TO 4,000 PSI

• PRIMARILY DEPENDENT ON WATER IN THE MIX

• DRY = STRONG

• WET = MORE WORKABLE

• ULTRA STRENGTH CONCRETE HAS A SPECIALTY MIX AND A 30,000 PSI

HOW IS CONCRETE MEASURED?

• VOLUME IN CUBIC YARDS

• ~$100/CY

• ~$75 DELIVERY FEE

• ~90 MIN TO GET TO JOB SITE BEFORE IT CURES

HOW DO WE KNOW IF CONCRETE IS STRONG ENOUGH?

• CONCRETE SLUMP TEST TO DETERMINE HOW WET IT IS

1. PUT IN METAL CONE

2. REMOVE CONE

3. MEASURE HOW MUCH IT SLUMPS

• ALSO, WE CAN SEND TO BE TESTED IN A LAB

WHAT IS SELF CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE?

• HIGHER PROPORTION OF SMALLER AGGREGATE IN THE CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURES THAT MAKE IT MORE FLOWABLE, ALLOWS FOR CRISPER EDGES, REQUIRES BEEFIER RESISTANCE IN THE FORMWORK TO MAKE SURE IT DOESN'T BLOW OUT

IS CONCRETE CONSIDERED A GREEN MATERIAL?

• NO, NOT PARTICULARLY GREEN

• HAS A LARGE CARBON FOOTPRINT

• CEMENT MAKING PROCESS REQUIRES HEATING UP MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

• TRANSPORTATION OF SUCH HEAVY MATERIAL = MORE CARBON 

• FLY-ASH CONCRETE CAN BE A BIT MORE OF A ‘GREEN’ OPTION THAN REGULAR CONCRETE

HOW DO WE GET FORMWORK OFF?

• NEED TO THINK OF IT GEOMETRICALLY TO HAVE IT BE ABLE TO BE REMOVED

• THEN USE FORM RELEASE COMPOUND WHICH WILL BE COATED ON THE FORMWORK IE WAX OR PLASTIC

• FORMWORK MIGHT BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN ALL OTHER CONCRETE COMBINED

• REUSABLE FORMWORK MAKES IT MORE ECONOMICAL ESPECIALLY IF IT IS WITH SIMPLER GEOMETRIES

CONCRETE STRENGTH COMPRESSION VS TENSION

• STRONGER IN COMPRESSION

• NO STRENGTH IN TENSION, THAT IS WHY WE REINFORCE IT WITH STEEL

• BOTH CONCRETE AND STEEL HAVE SIMILAR RATES OF EXPANSION

• WHEN IT GETS COLD BOTH STEEL AND CONCRETE SHRINK AND WHEN WARM THEY EXPAND AT ALMOST IDENTICAL RATES

WHERE DO WE PLACE REBAR IN CONCRETE?

• GEOMETRICALLY WHERE THE LARGEST TENSION FORCES ARE

• IE IF WE HAVE A BEAM THAT WE LOAD AND IT WANTS TO DEFORM, WE PLACE IT AT THE MOMENTS OF BENDING

IS REBAR HOT ROLLED OR COLD ROLLED STEEL?

• HOT ROLLED (AS FOUND IN STEEL STRUCTURES)

• COLD ROLLED IS FOUND IN PRESTRESSED CABLES

WHAT IS THE DIAMETER OF #8 REINFORCING BAR?

• 1” (AS IT IS MEASURED IN 1/8THS OF AN INCH, 8/8 = 1)

WHAT DOES GRADE 60 REBAR MEAN?

• REBAR HAS 60,000 PSI TENSILE STRENGTH WHICH IS MOST COMMON

• LOWER GRADE OF 40, AND HIGHER GRADE OF 75 ALSO AVAILABLE

UNDER WHAT CONDITION WOULD WE WANT TO USE 75?

• IN COLUMNS BECAUSE WE NEED EXTRA STRENGTH

WHAT MUST BE DONE TO USE STEEL REBAR IN SALTY AREAS IE MARINE ENVIRONMENTS?

• COAT THE REBAR WITH EPOXY

• GALVANIZED REBAR

• STAINLESS STEEL REBAR

• ZINC COATED REBAR

• POLYMER COATED REBAR

WHAT IS THE MIN SPACING AVAILABLE FOR WELDED WIRE REINFORCING?

• WELDED WIRE OF MESH, SPACING RANGES FROM 2” MIN TO 12” MAX

HOW DO WE SPLICE TOGETHER REINFORCING BAR IF/WHEN WE NEED TO IF IT IS NOT LONG ENOUGH?

• TYPICALLY OVERLAP THE REBAR BY 30 REBAR DIAMETERS, IF IT IS 1” THEN 30” OF OVERLAP

• IN A SITUATION LIKE COLUMNS WHERE WE DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH ROOM BECAUSE IF WE DOUBLE THE THICKNESS OF THE REBAR WE WON'T HAVE ENOUGH ROOM FOR THE CONCRETE TO GO THROUGH THE POUR, WE USE PROPRIETARY CUSTOM REBAR COMBINERS, REINFORCING BAR COUPLERS

CONCRETE BEAMS

• STIRRUPS RESIST MODEST DIAGONAL FORCES

• BOTTOM BARS HANDLE THE SIGNIFICANT TENSION FORCES THAT HAPPEN WHEN BENDING

• U-SHAPED BARS CALLED STIRRUPS RESIST THE DIAGONAL FORCES AT THE EDGES OF THE BEAM

• OFTEN SLABS DO NOT REQUIRE STIRRUPS BECAUSE IT IS THE WIDTH OF THE SLAB, SO WE DO NOT NEED THE STIRRUPS

CHAIRS

• SUPPORTS THAT KEEP REBAR AT THE APPROPRIATE HEIGHT

• IF IT IS A ROW OF THEM AND THEY ARE TIED TOGETHER THEY ARE CALLED BOLSTERS 

• LEFT IN THE CONCRETE AFTER THE CONCRETE IS POURED

SHRINKAGE TEMPERATURE STEEL

• WHAT SLAB NEEDS INSTEAD OF STIRRUPS

• STEEL WIRE REINFORCING THAT GOES PERPENDICULAR TO SLAB

• ***YOU CAN TELL IF YOU ARE LOOKING AT A BEAM OR A SLAB IF YOU NOTICE STIRRUPS VS SHRINKAGE TEMPERATURE STEEL***

COLUMN W VERTICAL BARS AND HORIZONTAL TIES, WHAT IS THE JOB OF EACH?

• VERTICAL BARS TAKE UP SOME OF THE VERTICAL COMPRESSION LOADS AND PICK UP SOME TENSILE LOADS FROM WIND LOAD OR EARTHQUAKE, ETC

• TIES ARE TO PREVENT OUTWARD BUCKLING

WHAT DOES FIBROUS REINFORCING DO FOR CONCRETE?

• MICROFIBER VS MICROFIBER REINFORCING

• BAG THROWN INTO THE MIXING PROCESS

• CURING PROCESS FIBERS ACT AS TENSION MEMBERS

• MICRO HELPS WITH SHRINKAGE AND MAKES IT LESS LIKELY TO CRACK

• MACRO FIBER REINFORCING MAY POTENTIALLY REDUCE THE NEED FOR SHRINKAGE TEMPERATURE STEEL

WHAT IS CONCRETE CREEP?

• ON ITS OWN WEIGHT WILL SQUISH DOWN, WE NEED TO ALLOW FOR THOSE TOLERANCES

WHAT IS PRESTRESSING?

• INTENDED TO WORK IN BENDING, CONCRETE W PRE-TENSIONING CABLE THAT SQUEEZES CONCRETE TOGETHER TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE FOLLOWING?

• PRESTRESSED: SQUEEZING TOGETHER BY TWO OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES

• PRE-TENSIONED: PRECAST CONCRETE, CAST IN FACTORY AND TRUCKED ON TO THE SITE

• POST-TENSIONED: TUBES THAT ARE RUN THROUGH THE CONCRETE, STRETCHED ACROSS THE FORMWORK, AND PULLED USING A HYDRAULIC JACK TO PULL THE CABLE THROUGH THE TUBES SO IT GOES FROM BEING DROPPED TO BEING PULLED TAUGHT 

STEPS FOR CREATING A SLAB ON GRADE CONCRETE PAD (TYP ABOUT 3” - 8” THICKNESS)

1. SCRAPE TOPSOIL OFF TO REVEAL MORE STABLE SUBSOIL, AND IF NONE AVAILABLE WE ARE GOING TO TRUCK IN SOME FILL THAT IS APPROPRIATELY STABLE

2. PUT SOME CRUSHED STONE DOWN, APPROX 4” AT LEAST, APPROX 1.5” DIAMETER STONE TO CREATE A CAPILLARY BREAK

3. PLACE PLASTIC SHEET IE POLYETHYLENE FOR MOISTURE BARRIER

4. SET UP FORMWORK SUPPORTED BY IN-GROUND STAKES

5. WELDED WIRE REINFORCING USING CHAIRS ON TOP OF THE PLASTIC (BUT NOT DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE PLASTIC)

1. MAKE SURE IT GOES NEAR THE EDGE BUT NOT DIRECTLY TO THE EDGE BECAUSE IT WILL RUST

6. FOR HEAVIER LOADS, WE WILL USE A GRID OF REBAR INSTEAD OF THE WIRE MESH FABRIC

7. THEN POUR THE SLAB

8. THEN SCREED THE SLAB USING THE EDGE OF WOOD OR METAL TO ACHIEVE A LEVEL SURFACE

9. THEN GIVE SLAB ITS INITIAL FLOATING USING A BULL FLOAT OR A DARBY TO FURTHER FLATTEN, REPEATED AS NECESSARY

10. EVENTUALLY TROWEL THE SURFACE FOR A SMOOTHER SURFACE STILL

11. WE WANT TO KEEP THE SLAB DAMP FOR AT LEAST A WEEK, SO IT WILL BE COVERED

12. LIMIT/CONTROL CRACKING BY USING CONTROL JOINTS EXTEND 1/4 OF THE DEPTH OF THE SLAB

1. SPACED AROUND 15’ OR SO

1. THINNER SLABS REQUIRE CLOSER SPACINGS

13. ISOLATION JOINT CAN SEPARATE DIFFERENT POURS OF CONCRETE BUT CAN VISUALLY LOOK LIKE THE SAW CUTS/CONTROL JOINT

ELIMINATE OR MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF CONTROL JOINTS BY

• USE STRONGER CONCRETE VIA DRIER MIXTURE

• USING FLY ASH CONCRETE OFFERS LESS SHRINKAGE

• USE ADD MIXTURES THAT ALLOW FOR LESS SHRINKAGE

• POST TENSIONING THE WHOLE THING, IF WHOLE THING IS SQUEEZED TOGETHER

• USE MICROFIBERS

CONTROL JOINT

• EXTEND PARTWAY DOWN THE DEPTH OF THE SLAB AND ARE INTENDED TO LIMIT CRACKING

ISOLATION JOINT

• GO ALL THE WAY CLEAR THROUGH THE SLAB, THEY ARE USED FOR EXPANSION/CONTRACTION, SEISMIC, VIBRATION/NOISE ISOLATION, OR BREAKING UP THE IRREGULAR SHAPES OF A BUILDING

• USED FOR DEALING W EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION, SEISMIC REASONS, NOISE ISOLATION, AND BREAK IRREGULAR SHAPES UP OF BUILDING AT LEAST FROM A STRUCTURAL POINT OF VIEW

HOW DO YOU CREATE A NON SLIP CONCRETE FINISH?

• WITH A STIFF BRISTLE BROOM, DRAGGING IT PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

• WE CAN DO IT WHEN WE TROWEL THE CONCRETE

• EITHER TROWEL LESS, SO IT IS ROUGHER, OR DO IT IN A CIRCULAR MOTION

• SPRINKLE IT WITH ANTI-SKID POWDER

• SAW IN GROVES

KEY

• WHERE CONCRETE WALL SITS INSIDE CONCRETE FOOTER

DOWELS

• STICK UP OVER FROM THE FOOTER INTO THE AIR AND WHEN THE WALL IS POURED ON TOP OF THE FOOTER THEY STRUCTURALLY TIE THE WALL TO THE FOUNDATION

TIES

• SMALL DIAMETER RODS THAT RESIST THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE THAT WANTS TO BLOW OUT THE FORMWORK USING WALERS ON THE EXTERIOR/EXPOSED SIDE OF THE BOARD FORM

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMS (ICF’S)

• MADE OF POLYSTYRENE, OFFER INSULATION AND REMAIN AS PART OF THE CONCRETE

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THE PROCESS OF POURING A WALL VS A COLUMN?

• NOT MUCH

• COLUMN WILL HAVE A PILE CAP

• WALL WILL HAVE A FOOTING

WHY ARE CONCRETE BUILDING CORNERS BEVELED?

• CHAMFER LEDGES TO ANGLE THE EDGES SO THAT THEY ARE NOT CRISP

• CRISP EDGES ARE NOT PREFERRED BECAUSE WE WANT TO PROTECT CONCRETE FROM WEATHER, PROTECT IT FROM SHOPPING CARTS, ETC HITTING IT, AND PROTECT US FROM SHARP EDGES AD PEOPLE MAY GET HURT BY SHARP EDGES AS SUCH

• ALSO PREVENTS THE UGLY FROM HAPPENING WHEN EDGES CHIP OFF AND THE REST OF THE BUILDING STAYS IN GOOD CONDITION

• SHARP CORNERS EVEN WHEN DESIRED ARE USUALLY MORE FOR INTERIORS

HOW DEEP SHOULD CONCRETE BEAMS BE?

• RATIO OF 1:3 ( 1 WIDE X 3 DEEP)

ONE WAY SLAB

• CONSISTS OF COLUMNS, GIRDERS, AND BEAMS WITH A SLAB ON TOP WHERE THE WHOLE THING IS CAST AS A SINGLE CONTINUOUS POUR

ONE WAY SOLID SLAB

• GIRDERS ARE GOING TO BE STOUTER AND WIDER

• OFFER SHORTER SLAB BAND BETWEEN BEAMS

• REDUCE STORY TO STORY HEIGHTS

ONE WAY JOIST SYSTEM (AKA RIBBED SLAB)

• CONSISTS OF PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF COLUMNS AND BEAMS WITH JOIST BANDS IN BETWEEN THE BEAMS

• THEY ARE BROADENED WHERE THEY MEET THE BEAM TO BEAR INTO THE BEAM

• AT MID SPAN, YOU MIGHT NEED A DISTRIBUTION RIB

WIDE MODULE SLAB

• IF IE FIRE CODE REQUIRES A THICKER SLAB OF SOMETHING MORE THAN 4”

• DUE TO THICKER SLAB, WE CAN USE HALF AS MANY JOISTS

TWO WAY SOLID SLAB

• BEST FOR BAYS THAT ARE CLOSE TO SQUARE PROPORTIONS

• FOR MAX EFFICIENCY, WE CANTILEVER SLABS 30% OF BETWEEN COLUMN SPANS TO REDUCE BENDING FORCES IN THE MIDDLE AND MAEVEN ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR AN EXTRA BAY OF COLUMNS

TWO WAY FLAT SLAB

• BEST FOR FACTORIES, ETC

• DROP PANELS TO RESIST SHEAR FORCES NEAR THE TOP OF EACH COLUMN

• THICKENED CONCRETE SLAB (SOMETIMES HAVE ADDED MUSHROOM CAPS, MAKE THEM MORE EXPENSIVE)

TWO WAY FLAT PLATE

• FOR LIGHTLY LOADED FLOORS

• NO DROP PANELS

• BETTER FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT

• NEEDS EXTRA REBAR WHERE THE COLUMNS ENGAGE

TWO WAY JOIST SYSTEM (AKA WAFFLE SLAB)

• SERIES OF PANS PUT DOWN (DOMES) THAT MAKE THE ARRAY OF THE WAFFLE

• ABSENCE OF FORMS AROUND THE COLUMNS CREATE ‘HEADS’ (SOMEWHAT LIKE THE DROP PANELS AND SORT OF LOOK LIKE MUSHROOM CAPS)

ONE WAY SLABS

• MORE FOR RECTANGULAR BAYS

TWO WAY SLABS

• MORE FOR SQUARE BAYS

LIFT SLAB SYSTEM

• CASTED FLOOR AND ROOF SLABS IN A STACK AT THE GROUND

• MAKE COLUMNS AND POUR FLOORS ONE BY ONE

• LIFTED UP  WITH HYDRAULIC JACKS TO THE RIGHT PLACE

• WELD THEM IN PLACE  USING STEEL THAT WAS SET INTO THE CONCRETE

FLYING FORMWORK

• LARGE REUSABLE SECTIONS OF FORMWORK TYPICALLY SUPPORTED ON METAL TRUSSES

• LIFTED INTO PLACE USING A CRANE

• POURING SLAB FLOOR BY FLOOR

SLIP FORMING

• SIMILAR CONCEPT AS FLY FORMING BUT FOR WALLS

• FORMWORK THAT CREEPS UP, LEAVING FORMED WALL BELOW IT AS IT LIFTS UP

LIFTING RINGS

• USED FOR TILT UP CONSTRUCTION

• WALLS POURED ON THE GROUND AND TILTED UP WITH A CRANE

• THERE MUST BE ENOUGH REBAR TO DEAL WITH THE UNUSUAL FORCES THAT WILL COME FROM LIFTING ITSELF

• NOT ONLY TO SUPPORT THE LOADS WHILE THE WALL IS IN PLACE BUT ALSO THE ACT OF TILTING IT UP

SLAB DEPTHS

• DEPENDS ON THE TYPE, SEE BELOW:

ONE WAY SOLID SLAB 

• TYPICALLY 4” TO 10” DEEP

• DEPTH OF THE SLAB SHALL BE 1/22 THE SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/40 THE SPAN

WIDE MODULE SYSTEM

• TYPICALLY  3” TO 4.5”

• DEPTH OF THE SLAB SHALL BE 1/18 THE SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/36 THE SPAN

TWO WAY FLAT PLATE SYSTEM 

• TYPICALLY 5” TO 12” (THICKER BECAUSE NO BEAMS, JOISTS, GIRDERS BELOW IT)

• DEPTH OF THE SLAB SHALL BE 1/30 THE SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/45 THE SPAN

TWO WAY FLAT SLAB SYSTEM 

• DROP PANEL WIDTH: 1/3 THE SPAN BETWEEN EACH OF THEM

• DROP PANEL DEPTH: 1/2 THE DEPTH OF THE SLAB ABOVE IT

WAFFLE SLABS

• TYPICALLY 3” TO 4.5” (PLUS THE DEPTH OF THE DOMES)

• TOTAL DEPTH OF THE SLAB SHALL BE 1/24 THE SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/35 THE SPAN

CONCRETE BEAMS

• TYPICALLY 1/16 OF SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/24 THE SPAN

CONCRETE GIRDERS

• TYPICALLY 1/12 OF SPAN

• IF IT IS POST TENSIONED, WE CAN GET AWAY WITH 1/20 THE SPAN

SPAN OF CONCRETE

• CAN BE INCREASED IF WE TAPPER IT, USE VAULTS, ETC

SHOTCRETE

• SPRAYED VERTICAL WALLS, ETC

ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE

• EXPOSED CONCRETE THAT WE SEE, EFFORTS ARE PUT IN TO MAKE SURE IT LOOKS GOOD, IE BOARD FORMED CONCRETE

HOW DO WE CUT CONCRETE ONCE IT IS SET?

• DIAMONDS IE CIRCULAR BLADES, ELABORATE WIRE CUTTERS

HOW DO CONCRETE STRUCTURES PERFORM IN FIRE?

• THEY DO WELL, BUT WE MUST NOT HAVE EXPOSED REBAR

HOW DO CONCRETE STRUCTURES DO IN EARTHQUAKES?

• THEY ARE STIFF SO THE COLUMN TIES ARE WHAT WE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION TO, WHERE COLUMNS AND BEAMS MEET

PRECAST CONCRETE

• TYPE III PORTLAND CEMENT IS USED

MAX SIZE LIMITS BASED PRIMARILY ON TRANSPORTATION LIMITATIONS

• TRUCK BED ~12-14 FEET WIDE x 59 FEET LONG

HOW ARE THE HOLES IN  HOLLOW CORE CONCRETE FORMED?

• THREE WAYS

1. STIFF DRY CONCRETE MIX THROUGH EXTRUDER

2. SLIP FORMED, TUBES MOVE ALONG WITH HOPPER THAN MOVED OUT

3. BOTTOM PORTION POURED WET, THEN COLLAPSIBLE TUBES PLACED ON TOP AND CONTINUED TO BE POURED ON TOP OVER THEM

DOUBLE T

• PRESTRESSING CABLES WITHIN, COMES IN 8’ OR 10’ OPTIONS

• OFTEN SEEN IN EXPOSED CEILINGS OF CONCRETE PARKING GARAGES

STIRRUPS 

• EXTEND ABOVE PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM TO TIE INTO THE SLAB ABOVE IT

FACETENING

• TO CONCRETE WITH STEEL THAT IS CASTED INTO IT, NAIL INTO IT WITH SPECIALTY NAILS, DRILL OVERSIZED HOLE AND FILL WITH GROUT AFTER INSERTING BOLT, ETC

JOINTS

• PRECAST PANELS USING STEEL THAT IS WELDED OR BOLTED TOGETHER

FOUNDATIONS

• STEEL AND GROUT USED TO ATTACH PRECAST MEMBERS, SAME AS PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED

MASONRY

CEMENT USED IN MORTAR

• TYPE I: NORMAL CEMENT

• TYPE II: MODERATE SULFATE RESISTANCE

• TYPE III: HIGH EARLY STRENGTH

• FROM A STRUCTURAL AND MOISTURE POINT OF VIEW, MORTAR IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE BRICK ITSELF

MORTARS THAT OFFER HIGHER STRENGTH AND LOWER WATER PERMEABILITY

• THOSE MADE WITH PORTLAND CEMENT

MASONRY CEMENTS VS PORTLAND CEMENT

• TWO TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT USED FOR MASONRY

1. CEMENT LIME MORTARS

1. PORTLAND CEMENT

2. HYDRATED LIME

3. AGGREGATE

4. WATER

2. BLENDED HYDRAULIC CEMENTS

1. SLAG FROM BLAST FURNACES

MASONRY CEMENTS 

• BRANDS OF

1. PORTLAND CEMENT

2. BLENDED HYDRAULIC CEMENT

3. PLASTICIZERS

4. ADMIXTURES

TYPES OF MORTAR FROM HIGHEST STRENGTH TO LOWEST STRENGTH

• WE WANT MORTARS THAT ARE STRONG BUT ONLY THE MINIMUM STRENGTH NEEDED FOR THAT PARTICULAR USE BECAUSE THE STRONGER THE MORTAR THE HARDER IT IS TO WORK WITH

• TYPE M: HIGHEST STRENGTH, USED FOR BELOW GRADE, OR HIGH LATERAL LOADS, CLIMATES WITH HIGH FROST

• TYPE S: EXTERIOR REINFORCED MASONRY, EXTERIOR LOAD-BEARING MASONRY. VENEERS SUBJECT TO HIGH WIND LOADS

• TYPE N: BALANCE OF WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH, NON-LOADBEARING VENEERS AND CHIMNEYS, INTERIOR LOAD-BEARING WALLS

• TYPE O: LOW STRENGTH, INTERIOR NON-LOAD BEARING

• TYPE K: WEAKEST YET, NOT USED MUCH, NOT USED ANYMORE

• THINK: MaSoN wOrK

HOW LONG AFTER MORTAR IS MIXED DOES THE MASON HAVE TO WORK WITH IT BEFORE IT MUST BE DISCARDED AND A NEW BATCH MIXED?

• 2.5 HRS

• USUALLY CURES IN 1.5 HR OR SO BUT WE CAN ADD WATER TO BUY US ANOTHER HR, BUT AFTER 2.5 HRS IT WILL NEED TO BE DISCARDED FOR A NEW BATCH

WHAT CAUSES STAINING ON MASONRY WALLS?

• EFFLORESCENCE

• TO AVOID IT, WE WOULD NEED AN AIR CAVITY BEHIND THE MASONRY WALL FOR WATER TO HIT THAT DRAINAGE PLAIN AND DROP DOWN IT AND OUT THE WEEPS AT THE BOTTOM

• BUT IF THERE ARE NO WEEP HOLES, THE MOISTURE IS SUCKED THROUGH THE MORTAR, IT PICKS UP THE SALTS THROUGH THE MORTAR, AND WITHOUT THERE BEING ANY WEEP HOLES TO COME OUT OF, ON A DRY DAY, IT GETS PULLED BACK OUT THROUGH THE MORTAR PICKING UP MORE SALT, AND DRIPS DOWN THE EDGE OF THE BUILDING LEAVING STREAKS/STAINS

BRICK

• MEANT TO BE HELD AT THE SCALE OF A HAND AND READ AT SMALL SCALE

FLY ASH BRICK 

• ADVANTAGES

• BYPRODUCT OF COAL BOILERS THAT HAS TO BE DEALT WITH ANYWAYS

• STEAM CURED INSTEAD OF FIRED

• USES ONLY 15% OF ENERGY NEEDED FOR CLAY BRICK WHILE HAVING THE SAME STRENGTH AND APPEARANCE

STIFF MUD PROCESS OF MAKING BRICK VS WATER STRUCK BRICK

• STUFF MUD

• LEAST EXPENSIVE

• MOST BRICKS ARE THIS TYPE

• 15% WATER

• RUN THROUGH VACUUM TO EXTRACT AIR POCKETS

• CUT WITH WIRE

• LEAST LABOR INTENSIVE

• MOST HOMOGENEOUS

• WATER STRUCK BRICK

• SOFT MUD PROCESS 20%-30% WATER

• PRESSED INTO WOOD MOLDS (BY HAND OR MACHINE)

• MOLDS DIPPED IN WATER SO THAT CLAY WON'T ADHERE TO MOLD

• HOW CUSTOM BRICKS ARE MADE

FOR FIRING

• BRICKS GO INTO KILN

• PROCESS TAKES 2 DAYS - A WEEK

PERIODIC KILN

• BRICKS PUT INTO KILN, FIRED, THEN EMPTIED

TUNNEL KILN

• CONTINUOUS TRAIN OF BRICKS ON RAIL CARS THAT MOVE THROUGH A TUBE

CLAMP OF BRICKS

• STACKS OF BRICKS, RIGHT AT THE SITE THAT WERE BURNED

• BRICKS ON THE OUTSIDE THAT WERE BURNT BUT NOT DISTORTED, THOSE WERE USED ON EXTERIOR

• BADLY BURNED BUT DISTORTED WERE USED IN APPLICATIONS WHERE THEY WOULDN’T BE SEEN

• IF SEVERELY UNDERCOOKED, THOSE BRICKS WERE THROWN OUT ALTOGETHER

BRICK STANDARD SIZE(S)

• THERE REALLY IS NO ‘STANDARD’ BUT

• ‘MODULAR’ IS MOST COMMON: 3-⅝” x 2-¼” x 7-⅝”

• OTHER SIZES ARE CALLED: STANDARD, KING, UTILITY, NORMAN, ROMAN

COST

• UTILITY BRICK WALL IS LESS EXPENSIVE, THEY ARE BIGGER BRICKS AND NEED LESS MORTAR

• WILL COST 75% OF MODULAR BRICK WALL AND WILL RESIST MORE COMPRESSIVE LOADS

WHICH BRICK MORTAR JOINTS ARE ACCEPTABLE FOR OUTDOOR USE WHERE IT RAINS AND/OR FREEZES?

• CONCAVE JOINT AND VEE JOINT

STANDARD BRICK MORTAR HEIGHT

• ⅜” IS KNOWN AS STANDARD BUT IN REALITY WILL BE BETWEEN ¼” TO ½”

BRICK TYPES TO BE FAMILIAR WITH

• COPING BRICK

• JAMB BRICK

• SILL BRICK

• ANGLE BRICK

• RADIAL BRICKS

BRICKS WITH HOLES IN THEM

• CORED BRICK (CONSISTS OF 3 HOLES IN IT BUT CONSIDERED SOLID)

• HOLLOW BRICK (USED FOR REINFORCING BARS THEN FILLED WITH GROUT

• FROGGED BRICK (CONSISTS OF 1 RECT SUPPRESSION IN IT BUT CONSIDERED SOLID)

• IF 75% SOLID OR GREATER IS CONSIDERED SOLID

• IF YOU WANT TO A TRULY SOLID BRICK YOU HAVE TO SPECIFIC UNFROGGED, UNCORED, 100% SOLID BRICK

• HOLLOW BRICK IS ANYTHING THAT IS AT LEAST 40% SOLID

WHICH IS USED FOR BRICK APPLICATIONS THAT ARE VISIBLE, FACING BRICK OR BUILDING BRICK?

• FACING BRICK AS IT LOOKS BETTER, COULD BE STRUCTURAL OR NON-STRUCTURAL

• BUILDING BRICK APPEARANCE DOES NOT MATTER, CAN BE USED AS BACKUP WIDTH

FOR MULTI WIDTH WALL, DISTANCES BETWEEN THE TWO BRICK WALLS ARE

• MIN ⅜”

• MAX 4”

GROUT VS CONCRETE

• EACH MADE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, AGGREGATE, AND WATER

• GROUT IS MORE FLUID, MORE POURABLE

LOW LIFT VS HIGH LIFT GROUTING

• IF WE ARE GOING TO GROUT A LOT AT A TIME, IT PUTS A LOT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE BRICK

• LOW LIFT GROUTING POURED IN 4 FOOT COURSES AT A TIME

• HIGH LIFT GROUTING CONSISTS OF A TALLER REINFORCED WALL, SOME BRICKS INTENTIONALLY OMITTED, THEN INSERTED INTO THE CAVATIES LATER ON

MOST COMMON APPEARANCE FRADE FOR FACING BRICK

• FBA FACING BRICK - MORE VARIATION IN SIZE AND CHIPPAGE

• FBS FACING BRICK - SOME VARIATION IN SIZE AND CHIPPAGE (LESS MACHINED LOOK IS PREFERRED)

• FBX FACING BRICK - MORE DIMENSIONALLY UNIFORM AND LESS CHIPPAGE

• MNEMONIC TRICK TO REMEMBER: ‘A’ = ANOMALY; ‘S’ = STANDARD; ‘X’ =XACTING

WHICH GRADE OF BRICK IS MOST APPROPRIATE FOR USE BELOW GRADE?

• MW WEATHER RESISTANT, USED ON EXTERIORS, BUT ONLY IN WARM AREAS (NEGLIGIBLE WEATHERING)

• NW ONLY FOR INTERIOR

• SW USED FOR UNDERGROUND, ACCEPTABLE FOR ANY CLIMATE AND BELOW GRADE, MOST HARDIEST

• MNEMONIC TRICK TO REMEMBER: ‘MW’ =MIAMI BRICK; ‘NW’ = NTERIOR BRICK; ‘SW’ = SNOW BRICK

BRICK ORIENTATIONS

• BRICKS TURNED 90 DEGREES (AKA HEADERS) TIE THE TWO ROWS OF BRICKS (AKA STRETCHERS) TOGETHER

BRICK PATTERNS

• VERTICAL OPTIONS SEEN ON ELEVATIONS IE WALLS

• RUNNING BOND

• FLEMISH BOND

• COMMON BOND

• ENGLISH BOND

HORIZONTAL OPTIONS 

• SEEN ON FLOORS IE PAVERS

• HERRINGBONE

**********#21-#35 MISSING **********

LEWIS PINS

• USED FOR LIFTING STONE

• SOME STONES HAVE RESIDUE OF WHERE LEWIS PINS WENT INT

STRAP ANCHORS 

• ANCHOR MORTAR TO WALL

METHODS OF STONE ANCHORING

• DONE AT THE SEAMS, WITH EITHER MORTAR OR SOMETHING ELSE

BUILD UP OPTIONS AS SUCH

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE BRACKETS / STRAP ANCHORS

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE BRACKETS / Z-TIES

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE BRACKETS / THREE-WIRE TRUSS TIE

• STEEL COLUMN WITH ANCHOR ATTACHED THAT TIE INTO THE CMU

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE BRACKETS / LADDER LOOP TIES

• CONCRETE BACKUP WALL WITH VERTICAL TRACKS CASTED INTO IT THAT HAVE ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT DOVETAIL ANCHORS

• SHEATHING MEMBER / CORRUGATED TIES / MASONRY

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE BRACKETS / ADJUSTABLE TIES

• FLASHING / BACK UP WALL OF CMU WITH ADJUSTABLE ADJUSTABLE STONE TIES

TEXT $$$$$

ENCLOSURE

BUILDING ENCLOSURE HAS TO PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING:

1. SUPPORT

2. RAIN CONTROL

3. AIRFLOW CONTROL

4. THERMAL CONTROL

5. VAPOR CONTROL

CONTINUITY IS KEY FOR WATER CONTROL LAYER 

• CONTINUOUS FROM FLOOR TO WALL TO ROOF

• FULLY ADHERE PRODUCTS PERFORM BETTER FOR RAIN CONTROL THAN LOOSE SHEETS, NO SHIT

HOW DO WE MEASURE AIR TIGHTNESS IN A BUILDING, WHAT EQUIPMENT DO WE USE, AND WHAT METRICS DO WE USE?

BLOWER DOOR

• USED TO MEASURE  HOW MANY CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE LEAVE THE BUILDING

• WE HAVE BEEN MOVING TOWARDS MEASURING CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE, PER SQUARE FOOT OF SKIN AREA

ON AIR CONTROL

• WE WANT BUILDINGS TO BE AIRTIGHT, THE AIR THAT DOES COME IN, SHOULD BE INTENTIONAL AND CONTROLLED

• WE WANT AIR TO COME IN FROM THE WINDOWS, OPERABLE SKYLIGHTS, OPERABLE DOORS, MECH SYSTEM, ETC, BUT NOT FROM THE SKIN

• IF IT IS NOT AIRTIGHT THEN MOISTURE WILL COME IN AS WELL 

WHY DON'T WE WANT AIR MOVING IN AND OUT OF THE BUILDING?

• HEAT FLOWS OUT

• MOISTURE CAN BE TRAPPED ON THE INSIDE

• CAN CAUSE COLD DRAFTS OR COLD SURFACES INSIDE

• IN SUMMERS, OPPOSITIE WITH COLD AIR FLOWING OUT

• MOISTURE IS BROUGHT INSIDE

• CONDENSATION MAY CAUSE MOLD OR ROT

WHAT CAUSES MEMBRANE FLUTTERING?

• WIND CAUSING MEMBRANES TO FLAP AND EVENTUALLY GET UNDONE

AIR BARRIER TIGHTNESS

• TARGET CFM/SF SKIN @ 75 PASCALS

• BARRIER: <0.004 CFM/SF SKIN

• OPAQUE SKIN ASSEMBLY: <0.04 CFM/SF SKIN

• BUILDING: <0.4 CFM/SF SKIN

WHAT IS MORE IMPORTANT WHEN DESIGNING AN AIR BARRIER THE SHEETS OR THE SEAMS BETWEEN THE SHEETS?

• THE SEAMS BETWEEN THE SHEETS

7.3 $$$$$

WHICH OFFERS HIGHER INSULATION VALUES, MATERIALS WITH HIGH U-VALUES OR MATERIALS WITH HIGH R-VALUES?

• MATERIALS WITH HIGH R-VALUES ALWAYS OUTPERFORM IN CONDUCTIVE HEAT LOSSES THOSE WITH U-VALUES

• R-VALUES AND U-VALUES ARE OPPOSITE, SO WHEN R-VALUES GO UP, U-VALUES GO DOWN

• INSULATION OUTBOARD OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE IS LESS LIKELY TO HAVE THERMAL BRIDGING COMPARED TO THOSE IN CAVITIES TUCKED BETWEEN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSULATION TO GET FAMILIAR WITH

• EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE (EPS)

• EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE (XPS)

• FACED POLYISOCYANURATE (POLYISO)

• CLOSED-CELL SPRAY FOAM

• OPEN-CELL SPRAY FOAM

• GLASS FIBER (FIBERGLASS)

• MINERAL WOOL (ROCKWOOL)

WHICH INSULATION MATERIAL HAS A HIGHER EMBODIED ENERGY CELLULOSE OR EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE?

• EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE

• MATERIALS THAT HAVE A PETROCHEMICAL ELEMENT TO THEM HAVE MUCH HIGHER EMBODIED ENERGY

FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS, WHICH PORTION OF THE WALLS SHOULD HAVE WINDOWS?

• AS A GENERAL RULE OF THUMB, LESS THAN 35% WINDOWS

A VAPOR CONTROL LAYER IS INTENDED TO PREVENT VAPOR DRIVEN MOISTURE FROM PASSING THROUGH OR TO ALLOW VAPOR DRIVEN MOISTURE TO PASS THROUGH?

• A BIT OF A TRICK QUESTION AS WE WANT IT TO KIND OF DO BOTH, WE WANT IT TO THROTTLE, BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY LET SOME OF IT PASS THROUGH

• THE GOAL IS TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE FROM COMING THROUGH, AND MAKING SURE THAT THE WATER IMPERMEABLE LAYER IS FAIRLY WARM IN THE WINTER AND ABLE TO SHED MOISTURE LIKE RAIN

• IF THERE IS CONDENSATION WE WOULD WANT THAT WATER IMPERMEABLE LAYER TO DRY BOTH WAYS

HOW DO YOU ATTACH EXT CLADDING TO RIGID INSTALLATION?

• A LOT OF TIMES WITH CLIPS DIRECTLY FROM THE BUILDING STRUCTURE THROUGH THE INSULATION TO CLADDING

• WE CAN USE VERTICAL FURRING STRIPS INSTEAD UP AGAINST THE RIGID INSULATION AS A COMPRESSIVE STRUT, WHICH ALSO ALLOWS FOR A CAPILLARY CAVITY FOR RAIN TO RUN DOWN 

IF YOU USE TWO VAPOR BARRIERS 

• THEN MOISTURE WILL GET IN BUT NOT BE ABLE TO EVER GET OUT

• IE LIKE A WATER BOTTLE LEFT ON A LAWN OR IN A CAR FOR DAYS AND DAYS, NEVER DRIES OUT, STILL HAS DROPLETS OF WATER INSIDE

WHICH ALLOWS LESS MOISTURE TO PASS? CLASS 1, CLASS 2, OR CLASS 3 VAPOR RETARDANT

• CLASS 1

WHICH IS MORE LIKELY TO ALLOW FOR CONDENSATION AIR INFILTRATION OR VAPOR DIFFUSION?

• AIR INFILTRATION 

• BECAUSE MOISTURE COMES THROUGH ON A MICROSCOPIC LEVEL AND SOME ALSO COMES THROUGH IN THE AIR

• AREAS WITH COOLING LOADS, WINDOWS SHOULD BE SHADED

19.3 $$$$$

WHERE SHOULD YOU LOCATE EA OF THE LAYERS IN A WALL ASSEMBLY?

• DEPENDS ON MANY THINGS IE WHAT KIND OF BUILDING, IN WHICH CLIMATE ZONE, ETC

• BUT IF WE ARE TALKING ABOUT AN ABOVE GROUND FRAMED WALL, AND WE ARE GOING TO PUT THE FIBROUS INSULATION IN THE CAVITIES BETWEEN THE STUDS HOW IT IS USUALLY DONE, SUCH AS GLASS FIBER OR MINERAL WOOL, WE KNOW THAT WE DO NOT WANT CONDENSATION ON THE INSIDE OF THE EXTERIOR SHEATHING IN WINTER

• WE HAVE TO LOOK AT OUR CLIMATE ZONE AND ACCOUNT FOR THE FOLLOWING

• IF WE ARE IN CLIMATE ZONE 1, 2, 3, 4A OR 4B WE CAN GET AWAY WITH NO VAPOR CONTROL LAYER, NONE IS REQUIRED

• IF WE ARE IN CLIMATE ZONE 4C, 5, 6, 7 OR 8, WE DO NEED A VAPOR CONTROL LAYER, WE NEED TO PUT IT ON THE INSIDE OF THE INSULATION BECAUSE IT IS COLD MOST OF THE TIME, AND WE ARE GOING TO USE THAT TO LIMIT THE VAPOR DIFFUSION GOING INTO THE WALL 

AS A GENERAL  RULE, YOU WANT TO PLACE THE VAPOR BARRIER ON

• WARM SIDE OF THE INSULATION IE FOR

ALASKA (SLAM DUNK COLD CLIMATE):

• EXT CLADDING | CAPILLARY BREAK | INSULATION AKA THERMAL CONTROL | VAPOR BARRIER | SHEATHING | STRUCTURE | INT FINISH

MIAMI (SLAM DUNK WARM CLIMATE):

• EXT CLADDING | CAPILLARY BREAK | VAPOR BARRIER | INSULATION AKA THERMAL CONTROL | SHEATHING | STRUCTURE | INT FINISH

STRUCTURES

LONG SLENDER COLUMN SUPPORTS A PORTION OF ROOF, MANY OTHER COLUMNS 20’ APART, WHAT WOULD DICTATE THE DIAMETER OF THE COLUMN?

• BUCKLING IN THE COLUMN

• INTERNAL FORCES IN A COLUMN, IE COMPRESSION, BUT IN THIS CASE, THAT IS NOT GOING TO BE THE GOVERNING FACTOR

• COMPRESSION IS WHEN YOU HAVE A BIG LOAD FROM ON TOP

• BUT IN THIS CASE IT IS KIND OF LIKE A GIANT TOOTHPICK

• WHAT GOVERNS THE SIZING OF THE COLUMN IS NOT THE WEIGHT ABOVE BUT THE FACT THAT IT IS LONG AND SKINNY/SLENDER

WHICH COLUMN IS MOST LIKELY TO BUCKLE? 

• PINNED - PINNED

• MOMENT - FREE

• MOMENT - MOMENT

THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO BRACE A COLUMN IR:

• ROTATION FIXED AND TRANSLATION FIXED: MOMENT

• ROTATION FREE AND TRANSLATION FIXED: PIN

• ROTATION FIXED AND TRANSLATION FREE: (SLIDES IN ONE DIRECTION) (USED IN SEISMIC)

• ROTATION FREE AND TRANSLATION FREE: (LIKE A FLAG POLE)

HIGHER K-VALUE

• MORE LIKELY TO BUCKLE

COMPRESSION

• AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM IN THE MIDDLE

TENSION

• AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BEAM ALSO IN THE MIDDLE

SHEAR FORCES

• WHERE COLUMN MEETS A BEAM

BENDING MOMENT

• IS WHEN/WHERE BEAM WANTS TO SMILE

IN MOST CASES BEAM SIZES ARE CONTROLLED BY

• BENDING MOMENT

• IE WHAT IS THE MAX BENDING MOMENT BEFORE THE BEAM SPLITS AT THE BOTTOM MIDDLE?

DEFLECTION BECOMES AN ISSUE IF THERE IS VIBRATION

• FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS IN WOOD, DEFLECTION SHOULD BE ONLY ¼ OF WHAT STRUCTURAL CODES SAY

FUNCTIONS OF L

• SHEAR IS FUNCTION OF L

• MOMENT IS FUNCTION OF L2

• DEFLECTION IS FUNCTION OF L3

IF WE DOUBLE THE LENGTH

• WE DOUBLE THE SHEAR

• WE QUADRUPLE THE MOMENT

• WE MULTIPLIED THE DEFLECTION BY A FACTOR OF 8

COST DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING

• $ SHEAR WALL (WOULD BE A GOOD IDEA TO USE AT FIRE EXIST SHAFTS)

• $$ BRACED FRAME

• $$$ MOMENT RESISTING

WHICH IS A MORE COMMON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, COLUMN WINS OR BEAM SPANS EVERY OTHER COLUMN?

• COLUMN WINS IS MORE COMMON AND BETTER TYPICALLY

• IF BEAM SPANS EVERY OTHER BEAM, THERE WILL BE TORSIONAL BUCKLING AT BEAM AND COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE OF THE BEAM

• *IF BEAM SPANS SAY 7 COLUMN, THEN IT IS PROTECTED BY THE TORSIONAL BUCKLING BUT THAT IS NOT PRACTICAL IE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO GET A BEAM THAT LONG ON A TRUCK/TRANSPORT

1 KIP

• 1000 LBS

HOW TO CALC BENDING MOMENT

• M = w * L² / 8 (also written as:  M = wl² / 8)

• M = MAX BENDING MOMENT

• w = LOAD PER LINEAR FOOT

• IF L = 10’ AND w = 80 lbs/ft THEN:

• M = 80 * 10² / 8

• M = 80 * 100 / 8

• M = 8000 / 8

• M = 1000 ft-lb

AGAIN/RECAP

• MOMENT

• HOW MUCH THE BEAM WANTS TO SMILE

• SECTION MODULUS 

• HOW ROBUST THE GEOMETRY OF THE BEAM IS

HIGHER SECTION MODULUS

• STRONGER BEAM WHICH MEANS, THE GEOMETRY IS SUCH THAT IT IS A STRONGER BEAM

HIGHER MOMENT 

• THERE IS MORE FORCE

IF WE DOUBLE THE MOMENT

• IE MORE WEIGHT OR INCREASED THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM

• THEN OBVIOUSLY THERE WILL BE MORE BENDING STRESS

LIKEWISE, IF WE DOUBLE THE SECTION MODULUS

• THEY WE ARE GOING TO HAVE A LOWER MAX BENDING STRESS

***REVISIT STRUCTURES #9.3 & #10.3***

WHICH ARROWS OF LATERAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE FROM THE SOIL IS GREATER?

-----GRADE LEVEL-----

A>>>

B>>>

• ‘B’ BECAUSE THE WEIGHT FROM ABOVE IE WHERE ‘A’ IS INCREASES THE PRESSURE

WHAT IS A SOFT STORY PROBLEM?

• A BUILDING WITH A HEAVY LOAD/ROOF ON TOP

• COMMON IN MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WHERE THE GROUND FLOOR IS EITHER A PARKING GARAGE OR SOME SORT OF MIXED USE WITH BIG OPENINGS

• WHEN YOU HAVE A TOP HEAVY BUILDING

IF YOU ARE NOTCHING INTO THE JOIST, WHERE CAN YOU PUT THE NOTCH?

• RULES IN THE CODE FOR NOTCHES IN WOOD STRUCTURES:

IF WE HAVE A BEAM SUPPORTED ON BOTH SIDES

• NOTCH ON ENDS < ¼ OF BEAM DEPTH 

• NOTCH ELSEWHERE  ⅙ OF BEAM DEPTH

• WIDTH OF NOTCH < ⅓ OF BEAM DEPTH

• MIDDLE ⅓ OF BEAM IS OFF LIMITS

WE CAN PUT A HOLE ANYWHERE

• HOLE’S DIAMETER < ⅓ OF BEAM DEPTH

• EDGE OF HOLE HAS TO BE AT LEAST 2” FROM EITHER END OF THE JOIST

IF WE HAVE TWO HOLES

• THEY NEED AT LEAST 2” BETWEEN

FOR HOLES IN STUDS

• MAX DIAMETER IS 40% OF STUD DEPTH

IF A LARGER DIAMETER IS NEEDED

• CAN ACHIEVE A MAX OF 60% BY DOUBLING THE STUD UP

EDGE OF HOLE

• NEEDS TO BE AT LEAST 5/8” FROM EDGE OF STUD

IF NOTCHING A STUD

• MAX 25% OF STUD DEPTH

• CAN NOT PUT A HOLE IN THE SAME CROSS SECTION OF A NOTCH

HOW DO WE KNOW IF A BOLT IS TIGHT ENOUGH?

• DIRECT TENSION INDICATOR (PIECE OF METAL SIM TO A WASHER WITH PUNCHED OUT METAL TABS THAT FLATTEN OUT AS TIGHTENED), IT IS THEN  MEASURED AND TIGHTENED SOME MORE IF NECESSARY 

SLIP CRITICAL BOLT CONNECTION

• SQUEEZE TIGHT FOR FRICTION TO RESIST MOVEMENT

BEARING-SHEAR BOLT CONNECTION

• SNUG-FIT MOVEMENT ASSUMED

SITE

WHY DO WE DIG DOWN FOR FOUNDATIONS?

• TO REACH BEDROCK OR COMPETENT SOIL FOR BUILDING LOADS TO BE TRANSFERRED DOWN INTO THE GROUND

• FOR PLACES THAT ACTUALLY HAVE A WINTER IT IS TO GO BELOW THE DEPTH OF FROST LINE TO AVOID AREAS OF FREEZE/THAW 

WHAT ARE BUOYANT UPLOAD FORCES? (THINK BuOyAnT)

• WHEN UNDERGROUND WATER PUSHES UP ON THE BUILDING AND CAUSES THE BUILDING TO FLOAT LIKE A BOAT

LOADS

• DEAD LOADS: WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING THAT ARE PERMANENT

• LIVE LOADS: PEOPLE AND FURNISHINGS, EVEN RAI

• LATERAL LOADS: WIND AND HURRICANES AND ALSO SEISMIC

• LATERAL SOIL LOADS: WEIGHT OF SOIL PUSHING UP AGAINST BASEMENT WALL

SETTLING

• WE WANT BUILDINGS TO SETTLE THE SAME EVERYWHERE

CLASSIFY EARTH MATERIALS IN LARGEST TO SMALLEST PARTICLE

• BOULDERS: TAKES TWO HANDS TO LIFTED UP

• COBBLES: EASILY PICKED UP BY ONE HAND

• GRAVEL: EASILY HELD BETWEEN TWO FINGERS

• SAND: IF ONE PIECE IS TOO SMALL TO BE EASILY PICKED UP BY YOUR FINGERS, BUT LARGE ENOUGH TO SEE THE INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES 

• SILT: PARTICLES ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN BY THE NAKED EYE, BUT WHEN VIEWED UNDER MAGNIFICATION, PARTICLES ARE SPHERICAL

• CLAY: PARTICLES ALSO TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN BY NAKED EYE, WHEN VIEWED UNDER MAGNIFICATION, PARTICLES LOOK PLATE-LIKE

EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC SOILS

• TOPSOIL

• PEAT SOIL

• NEITHER ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE BUILDING CAN NOT BEAR ON IT, BUT COULD BE USED FOR LANDSCAPING

CLASSIFY EARTH MATERIALS IN ORDER OF MOST TO LEAST COMPETENT FOR SUPPORTING A BUILDING

• GRAVEL

• SAN

• SILT

• CLAY

WHICH OF THE ABOVE IS THE WEIRD ONE?

• CLAY: PLATE LIKE SHAPE RATHER THAN SPHERICAL, HAS ITS OWN GRAIN, BECAUSE OF THE FLAT LIKE SHAPE IT MIGHT HAVE THOUSANDS OF TIMES THE SURFACE AREA OF SILT

• WHEN WET, CLAY IS PUTTY-LIKE AND STICKY AND WHEN DRY, IT IS BRITTLE

• EXPANSIVE AS IN IT EXPANDS AND CONTRACTS DEPENDING ON MOISTURE

• WHEN BUILDING IS BUILT ON CLAY, THE WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING CAN PUSH THE MOISTURE OUT OF IT, CAUSING IT TO COMPRESS ITS VOLUME, THAT PROCESS IS CALLED CONSOLIDATION

WHICH IS CONSIDERED FRICTIONAL AND WHICH IS CONSIDERED COHESIVE OUT OF CLAY, GRAVEL, AND SAND?

• CLAY IS COHESIVE

• GRAVEL AND SAND ARE FRICTIONAL

SOIL LIQUID LIMIT

• LIQUID CONTENT WHEN SOIL TRANSFORMS FROM SEMI SOLID TO FLUID

SHEAR STRENGTH AS IT APPLIES TO EARTH MATERIALS

• DENSELY PACKED COARSE GRAIN SOILS EXHIBIT HIGHER SHEAR STRENGTH

• LOOSELY PACKED COARSE GRAINED SOILS EXHIBIT LESS SHEAR STRENGTH

• SMALLER GRAINED SOILS: SAND, CLAY, SILT, HAVE AN EVEN LOWER SHEAR STRENGTH AND CAN CARRY LESS BUILDING

SOILS

• WELL GRADED SOIL CONSISTS OF A  WIDER VARIETY OF GRAVEL, WHERE THE SMALLER ONES FILL IN THE VOIDS OF THE BIGGER ONES, THE WHOLE THING PACKS MUCH TIGHTER, AND THIS KIND OF GEOMETRY IS BETTER FOR A BUILDING BEARING ON IT

• WELL GRADED = POORLY SORTED (GOOD FOR SUPPORT)

• POORLY GRADED SOIL NOT AS GOOD FOR SUPPORT BUT DRAINS BETTER THAN WELL GRADED SOIL 

• POORLY GRADED = WELL SORTED (BETTER FOR DRAINAGE)

WATER TABLE

• ELEVATION AT WHICH THE SOIL IS WATER SATURATED AND CANT HOLD ANYMORE WATER

BROWNFIELD SITE

• A CONTAMINATED SITE OR A SITE THAT IS BELIEVED TO BE CONTAMINATED, ESPECIALLY PLACES THAT WERE DISPOSAL SITES FOR CHEMICALS, OR SITES THAT HAD UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR FUELS LIKE GAS STATIONS, OR PAINT FACTORIES, ETC

GRUBBING AND CLEARING

• TAKING OUT TREES, PLANTS, AND STUMPS WITH HEAVY MACHINERY

ANGLE OF REPOSE

• STEEPEST ANGLE THAT THE SIDE OF THE EXCAVATED AREA CAN BE BEFORE THE SOIL BACKSLIDES INTO THE PIT

• IT CAN BE STEEP FOR COHESIVE SOILS, TYPICALLY 45 DEGREES, CLAY MAY BE AROUND 53 DEGREES

• BUT SHALLOW FOR FRICTIONAL SOILS, TYPICALLY 34 DEGREES

• SNOW HAS 38 DEGREE

• COFFEE BEANS AND ASHES HAVE A 40 DEGREE

• BARK MULCH HAS A 45 DEGREE ANGLE

SOLDIER BEAMS

• WIDE FLANGE STEEL BEAMS THAT ARE DRIVEN INTO THE SOIL 

• THEN PLANKS OF WOOD CALLED LAGGING IS PLACED BETWEEN AS PART OF SHORING

FOR SHEATHING

• WE CAN USE STEEL, WOOD, ALUMINUM, PLASTIC, COMPOSITE OR PRE-CAST CONCRETE

FOR TRENCHES

• WE CAN UTILIZE REUSABLE MODULAR SYSTEMS

SOILS MIXING

• CREATE WALLS FOR EXCAVATION BEFORE WE START DIGGING BY DRILLING DOWN AND MIXING THE SOIL IN COLUMNS WITH CEMENT AND WATER, THEN WE CAN DIG OUT THE EXCAVATION IN BETWEEN WITH THE DRILLED COLUMNS HOLDING THE EARTH BACK

SLURRY WALL - WHAT IS IT, AND WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF MAKING IT?

• A PIECE OF HEAVY MACHINERY (CLAM BUCKET) IS USED TO DIG DOWN ALL AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE SITE, AND AS WE DIG, THE SIDES OF OUR WALL  WANT TO COLLAPSE IN ON US, SO WE KEEP THEM OUT BY KEEPING A HEAVY MIXTURE OF CLAY AND WATER WHICH IS THE ‘SLURRY’ THAT CREATES HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OUTWARD THAT WILL KEEP THE EARTH FROM SLIDING IN, THEN WE ARE GOING TO MAKE A CONCRETE WALL OUT OF IT BY PUTTING A REINFORCING (RABAR) INTO THE HOLE AND USING A GIANT FUNNEL TO POUR CONCRETE TO BE DISPLACED INTO THE SLURRY, THIS PROCESS IS DONE IN BARRIERS (SEGMENTS) BECAUSE WE CAN NOT POUR THE WHOLE WALL AT ONE TIME, BUT THEN THAT WALL IS USED ALLOW US TO EXCAVATE ONE SIDE OF IT, WE PUT STRUCTURAL MEASURES TO KEEP THE WALL BACK, WE CAN BEGIN TO OCCUPY THE SPACE AND PUT OUR FOUNDATION DOWN

TRENE

• A GIANT FUNNEL FOR IE CONCRETE

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROSSLOT BRACING AND RAKERS?

• CROSSLOT BRACING GOES ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE EXCAVATION, IE FROM ONE EXCAVATION WALL HORIZONTALLY ACROSS ALL THE WAY TO THE OTHER

• RAKERS ONLY GO PART WAY ACROSS AND TERMINATE AT THE EARTH, IE FROM THE SIDE OF THE EXCAVATED WALL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE EARTH AT AN ANGLE LIKE A KICKSTAND

HOW ARE TIEBACKS HELD INTO THE EARTH?

• GIANT RODS USED TO HOLD THE EXCAVATION WALL BACK IF THE SOIL ON THE OTHER SIDE IS COMPETENT, TIED INTO EARTH USING GROUT,

• HORIZONTAL MEMBERS ARE WALERS, AND A HYDRAULIC JACK IS USED TO PULL IT TIGHT, ONCE THE FLOOR(S) IS PLACED, THEY DO THE WORK OF KEEPING THE WALLS STABILIZED IN HOLDING THE EARTH BACK

HOW CAN YOU KEEP OUT WATER OF AN EXCAVATION THAT IS DUG LOWER THAN THE WATER TABLE?

• OPTION 1: BUILD A WATERPROOF ENCLOSURE AROUND THE EXCAVATED EARTH SO THAT WATER CAN NOT GET IN AKA ‘BUILD A BATHTUB’

• OPTION 2: CONTINUE TO PUMP THE WATER OUT OF THE EXCAVATION

• OPTION 3: CONTINUE TO PUMP THE WATER OUT OF THE AREA AROUND THE EXCAVATION SO THAT THE WATER DOES NOT EVEN GET IN

FOUNDATIONS/STRUCTURES

• A LARGE BUILDING NEEDS DEEP FOUNDATION

• PART ABOVE GROUND IS CALLED SUPER STRUCTURE

• PART BELOW GROUND IS CALLED SUBSTRUCTURE

• BELOW ANY OF THE SPACES THAT TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO THE EARTH IS CALLED FOUNDATION

HOW DO WE DECIDE WHAT KIND OF FOUNDATION TO USE?

• IF A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS FEASIBLE, IF BUILDING IS SMALL ENOUGH, AND THE SOIL IS COMPETENT THAN WE CAN GO WITH A SHALLOW FOUNDATION

• COLDER CLIMATE FOUNDATIONS

• DEEPER BECAUSE OF FROST DEPTH

• SO THE GROUND TEMPERATURE IS STABLE ENOUGH TO AVOID FREEZE/THAW

SPREAD FOOTINGS

• USED FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

• WALL FOOTING: FOUNDATION WALL BEARS DOWN ON THE FOOTING AND IT WILL BE A LINEAR LOAD

• COLUMN FOOTING: FOR A POINT LOAD IE A COLUMN

***IF YOU NEED TO BRACE COLUMN FOOTINGS TO ONE ANOTHER FOR LATERAL SUPPORT FOR THE WHOLE SYSTEM TO STAY RIGID WE WILL USE A GRADE BEAM***

• HORIZONTAL BEAM ON GRADE

SLAB ON GRADE

• LOW LOADS, DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT FROST

COMBINED FOOTING

• SIMILAR TO COLUMN FOOTING BUT ARE A VERSION OF COLUMN FOOTINGS THAT STRETCH/CONNECT TO ONE ANOTHER

CANTILEVER FOOTING

• USED WHEN STRUCTURE IS UP AGAINST A PROPERTY LINE

MAT FOUNDATION

• SO MANY COLUMNS THAT ARE CLOSE  TOGETHER SO IT HAS ONE FOOTING FOR ALL OF THEM AT THE BOTTOM

GRADE BEAM VS TIE BEAM

• THEY BOTH TIE COLUMNS TOGETHER AT GRADE BUT TIE BEAMS ONLY TACKLE HORIZONTAL LOADS, GRADE BEAMS HANDLE BRACE LOAD AND THEIR OWN VERTICAL LOADS AS WELL

SHALLOW FROST PROTECTED FOOTING

• INSULATION THAT RUNS ALONG EXTERIOR WALL DOWN INTO THE EARTH AND OUT AWAY FROM THE BUILDING, THIS WAY WE DON’T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT FREEZING AT/NEAR THE BUILDING

FLOATING FOUNDATION

• VARIATION OF MAT FOUNDATION, NEEDED TO CALC THE WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING AND WEIGHT OF SOIL ON SITE THAT WE ARE REMOVING AND MAKE THEM BE EQUAL

• REMOVING THE SAME AMOUNT OF SOIL IN WEIGHT AS WE ARE ADDING IN BUILDING AND BY DOING THAT WE HAVE NOT REALLY ADDED ANYTHING FROM A SOIL POINT OF VIEW

WHAT DO WE DO TO FOUNDATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKES

• RUBBER DAMPERS

• HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSORBERS

• BASE ISOLATION PADS

CAISSONS VS PILES

• CAISSONS DRILLED AND THEN FILLED W CONCRETE

• PILES ARE HAMMERED INTO THE GROUND

HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE THE FOUNDATION OF AN EXISTING BUILDING AS PART OF A RENOVATION/EXPANSION?

• UNDERPINNING

• WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY THE RENOVATION OF THE UNDERGROUND PORTION

3 REASONS TO UNDERPIN

1. IF BUILDING IS HEAVIER THAN IT WAS MADE TO BE WHEN FOUNDATION ORIGINALLY POURED

2. IF EXISTING FOUNDATION WAS NEVER SUFFICIENT AND NEEDS TO BE IMPROVED

3. ADJACENT SITEWORK WEAKEN THE FOUNDATION

3 WAYS TO IMPROVE

1. EXTEND THE FOUNDATION TO SOME DEEPER STRATA WITH MORE COMPETENT SUPPORT

2. MAKE THE FOUNDATION WIDER SO THAT IT RESTS ON MORE SOIL

3. IMPROVE THE EARTH WITH IMPORTED FILL OR GROUT

HOW TO KEEP BASEMENTS DRY

• DRAINAGE

• WATERPROOFING

5 STEPS TO KEEP BASEMENTS DRY

1. WELL MAINTAINED GUTTERS, ROOF DRAINS, DOWNSPOUTS

2. SOME PLACE TO DISCHARGE ROOF WATER AWAY AND DOWNHILL OF THE BUILDING

3. SLOPED SITE AWAY FROM THE BUILDING TO BRING SURFACE RAINWATER AWAY

4. A BREAK IN THE SOIL SO THAT WATER THAT WOULD OTHERWISE PRESS AGAINST THE FOUNDATION WALL WILL INSTEAD DROP

5. A PERFORATED PIPE TO ACCEPT THE WATER TO CARRY IT AWAY

HOW TO PROVIDE THE CAPILLARY BREAK IN THE SOIL?

• DRAINAGE MAT

• GRAVEL

HOW DO YOU PROVIDE WATERPROOFING?

• SHEETS

• LIQUID-APPLIED BARRIER

• SPECIAL CONCRETES

WATERPROOFING

• SURFACE TREATED TO RESIST THE PASSAGE OF WATER UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

DAMP PROOFING

• DESIGNED TO RESIST THE PASSAGE OF WATER ONLY IN THE ABSENCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING

• MIXED INTO CONCRETE TO MAKE CONCRETE LESS LIKELY TO LEAK WATER

FILLING VS BACKFILLING

• BACKFILLING IS A SUBSET OF FILLING

• BACKFILLING: REPLACING SOIL THAT HAD ONCE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE SITE

• FILLING: ADDED IN LAYERS KNOWN AS ‘LIFTS’ IN 4” LAYERS WHICH MAY NEED COMPACTION FOR STABILITY

RETAINING WALL VS BASEMENT WALL

• RETAINING WALLS KEEP EARTH BACK, TYPICALLY EXTERIOR AND EARTH IS ON ONE SIDE AND NOT THE OTHER

ALTA SURVEY VS TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

• ALTA: EASEMENTS AND RIGHT OF WAYS AND LAND IMPROVEMENTS

• TOPO: MEASURING CONTOURS OF THE LAND

TOPO FEATURES TO BE ABLE TO SKETCH/KNOW/UNDERSTAND

• PEAK

• VALLEY 

• CLIFF

• BERM

• SWALE

COFFERDAM VS CHECK DAM

• COFFERDAM IS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE USED TO KEEP OUT A BODY OF WATER

• CHECK DAM IS USED AT A STEEP SLOPE TO SLOW DOWN THE WATER IN THE EVENT OF A HEAVY RAIN TO AVOID MUDSLIDES AND/OR CORROSION

RIPRAP

• ROCK USED TO PROTECT THE SHORELINE OR ANY PLACE WHERE WATER MEETS THE LAND AND HELPS PREVENT EROSION 

WAYS TO PREVENT EROSION

• USE RIPRAP ALONG SHORELINE

• REPLANT VEGETATION SUITED TO SITE CONDITIONS

• FOOTPATHS WITH EXPOSED SOIL, COVER IN MULCH OR GRAVEL

• USE STEPPED TERRACES

• BUILD CHECK DAMS

• REDIRECT AND CAPTURE RUNOFF 

ZONING ORDINANCE VS VARIANCE

• ZONING ORDINANCE: RULES

• ESTABLISHES DENSITY, ALLOWABLE USES, PARKING REQUIREMENTS, SETBACKS

• VARIANCE: EXCEPTION TO THE RULE(S)

RIGHT OF WAY VS EASEMENT

• RIGHT OF WAY ALLOWS SOMEONE TO PASS THROUGH

• EASEMENT IS SO THAT OTHER PARTIES CAN USE THE LAND FOR UTILITIES IE WIRES AND PIPES

WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR LOCATING A NEW SHOPPING CENTER?

• ACCESSIBILITY TO MARKET AREA TRAFFIC

SINCE CONTAMINATION IN SOIL TYPICALLY LEADS TO GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE USED TO REMEDIATE THE UNSATURATED ZONE?

• VAPOR EXTRACTION

• DRILL EXTRACTION WELLS TO SUCK GAS OUT OF THE SOIL AND WITH THAT WE SUCK POLLUTANTS OUT FOR TREATMENT ABOVE GROUND

THE FOLLOWING SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTS THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF A PARCEL OF LAND

• WETLANDS

• ENDANGERED SPECIES

• HAZARDOUS WASTE

• EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

SOLAR GEOMETRY

• SOLAR NOON: WHEN THE SUN IS DIRECTLY ABOVE YOU REGARDLESS OF IF IT IS REALLY NOON

SUMMER TIME 23.5 DEGREES NORTH OF THE EQUATOR (WHICH IS THE FURTHEST SUN GOES FROM THE EQUATOR)

• TROPIC OF CANCER

• SUMMER TIME ADD 23.5 DEGREES TO (90 DEGREES MINUS LATITUDE)

WINTER TIME 23.5 DEGREES SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR

• TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

• WINTER TIME SUBTRACT 23.5 DEGREES FROM (90 DEGREES MINUS LATITUDE)

FALL AND SPRING

• VERNAL EQUINOX: MARCH 21

• AUTUMNAL EQUINOX: SEPTEMBER 21

• FALL AND SPRING TIMES ONLY CALCULATE 90 DEGREES MINUS LATITUDE

ONE ACRE

• 43,560 SQUARE FEET

ONCE A FIRE IS DETECTED

• THE ELEVATOR GOES ON FIRE SERVICE MODE

• ELEVATORS CAN NOT BE ACCESSED BY THE PUBLIC

• ELEVATORS AUTOMATICALLY RETURN TO THE FIRST FLOOR AND THE DOORS REMAIN OPEN (FIRST FLOOR OR FLOOR OF EGRESS)

• IF SMOKE DETECTED ON THAT FLOOR THERE IS A PREPROGRAMMED ALTERNATE FLOOR

• THE ELEVATOR CAN MANUALLY BE ACTIVATED BY THE FIREFIGHTER EVEN DURING A FIRE USING A KEY

TREES ASSOCIATED WITH WIND BREAKS

• CONIFEROUS

• SINCE THEY NEVER LOSE THEIR LEAVES

TREES ASSOCIATED WITH SHADING

• DECIDUOUS

• GOOD FOR SHADING IN THE SUMMERS AND ALLOW LIGHT TO COME IN DURING WINTER TIME TO HELP HEAT AS THEY LOSE THEIR LEAVES SEASONALLY

----

SYSTEMS BONUS

TEXT$$$$$

CODES

RAMPS

• MAX CROSS SLOPE OF ADA RAMP 1:48 OR 2%

• ADA RAMP RUN: 1:12 EVERY 30’ WITH 5’ LANDING

• LANDING NEEDED AT THE BOTTOM AND TOP OF RAMP OF MIN 5’ EACH IN THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

• ***YOU CAN HAVE A SLOPE OF 1:20 WHICH YOU DO NOT NEED LANDINGS NOR RAILINGS FOR, CONSIDERED SITE FEATURE***

• 60”x60” LANDING WHERE PEOPLE ARE TURNING 90 DEGREES OR EVEN 180 DEGREES

• RAMP CAN BE LESS THAN 60” IE 48” MIN, BUT LANDING ITSELF STILL NEEDS TO BE 60”x60”

CURB CUT WIDTH

• 48” MIN

FIRE LANES

• NEEDED WHEN 150’ OF FIRE HOSE IS NOT ENOUGH TO REACH THE BACK OF A BUILDING

• WIDTH: 20’ ACROSS

• MUST BE 10’ AWAY FROM OVERHANG

• TURNING RADIUS

• OUTSIDE: 54’

• INSIDE: 30’

• CARRY MIN OF 35 TONS

EGRESS

• PRINCIPLE OF BROOKS AND STREAMS AND RIVERS

• ALTERNATE PATHS REQUIRED

DEAD END CORRIDORS

• SHOULD BE LIMITED TO 20’ IF UNSPRINKLERED

• 50’ IF SPRINKLERED

IN SOME CASES CAN BE LONGER IF YOU HAVE A WIDE WIDTH OR A CERTAIN OCCUPANCY

• OCCUPANCY GROUP 1-3 CONDITION 2, 3, OR 4

• DEAD END = 50’ OR MORE

• 1BC 408.6 - SMOKE COMPARTMENTALIZATION

• 1BC 903.2.6 - AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS

• OCCUPANCY B, E, F-?, M, R-1, R-2, S, U

• DEAD END = 50’ OR MORE

• IBC 903.3.1.1 - (NFPA 13) AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS

• CORRIDOR MUST BE LESS THAN 2.5 TIMES THE CORRIDOR WIDTH

• IF ELEV CORRIDOR IS 10’ (10’ x 2.5 = 25’)

• LESS THAN 25’ WOULD BE ACCEPTABLE

EXIT REQUIREMENTS

• 49 PEOPLE OR LESS: 1 EXIT

• 50 PEOPLE OR MORE: 2 EXISTS

• MIN REQ DIMENSION IS ½ THE LONGEST DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF THE SPACE

EGRESS DIVIDED INTO 3 MAIN SEGMENTS: ACCESS, EXIT, DISCHARGE

• ACCESS: PORTION FROM GIVEN PART OF BUILDING TO THE FIRE STAIR, MOST REMOTE POINT IN THE SPACE TO THE EXIT WHICH IS THE FIRE STAIR, MAX DISTANCE DETERMINED BY CODE BOOK

• EXIT: DOORS THAT AUTO CLOSE INTO FIRE STAIR, OR STAY OPEN MOST OF THE TIME AND CLOSE ONLY WHEN FIRE TO FIRE STAIR

• DISCHARGE: THE OUTLET/DOOR TO THE EXTERIOR

EXITS

IF EXIT IS MORE THAN 75’ ABOVE GRADE, AND/OR IF YOU HAVE AN UNDERGROUND BUILDING

• EXIT NEEDS TO BE PRESSURIZED W A FAN

ALL INTERIOR STAIRWAYS HAVE TO BE CLOSED W FIRE SEPARATION

• 4 OR MORE STORIES: 2HR RATING

• LESS THAN 4 STORIES: 1HR RATING

ACCESS ROUTES MIN WIDTH

• 44” MIN IF OCCUPANCY OF 49 PEOPLE OR MORE

• 36” MIN IF OCCUPANCY OF LESS THAN 49 PEOPLE 

CEILING HEIGHT

• MIN IS 7’-0”, CAN GO DOWN TO 6’-8” BUT FOR NO MORE THAN HALF OF THE SPACE

WIDTH OF STAIR

• UNSPRINKLERED BUILDING: OCCUPANTS SERVED BY FLOOR x 0.3 = MIN WIDTH

SPRINKLERED BUILDING: OCCUPANTS SERVED BY FLOOR x 0.2 = MIN WIDTH

WIDTH OF HALLWAYS IN ACCESS

• DOOR CAN ONLY PROTRUDE INTO EXIT ACCESS CORRIDOR CAN NOT BLOCK MORE THAN HALF OF THE WIDTH

• WHEN DOOR FULLY OPEN DOOR CAN NOT PROTRUDE MORE THAN 7” INTO THE HALLWAY

GUARDRAILS

• SO YOU DO NOT FALL OVER

• 42” TYPICALLY (34” TO 38” IN RESIDENTIAL)

• GUARD SPACING CAN NOT BE MORE THAN 4”

HANDRAILS

• SO YOU CAN GRAB ONTO SOMETHING

• 34” TO 38” FROM NOSING ON STAIR TREAD

• TOP OF HANDRAIL NEEDS TO EXTEND 12” HORIZONTALLY THEN RETURN INTO THE WALL

• IF AT CORRIDOR, NEEDS TO TURN THE CORNER  AND EXTEND 12” THEN TURN INTO THE WALL

• BOTTOM OF HANDRAIL AT LANDING  NEEDS TO EXTEND THE DEPTH OF A STAIR TREAD DIAGONALLY AND THEN EXTEND 12” HORIZONTALLY THEN RETURN INTO THE WALL

HANDRAIL PROJECTION

• 4.5” MAX OFF THE WALL

• 1.5” MIN CLEARANCE BETWEEN HANDRAIL AND ADJACENT SURFACE/WALL

HANDRAIL DIAMETER

• 1.25” MIN

• 2” MAX

FOR EXIT STAIR, WIDTH OF STAIR IS MEASURED

• BETWEEN HANDRAILS

SMOKE BAFFLES

• OFTEN MADE OF GLASS ARE FOUND AT THE TOP OF EA FLOOR AT/OF AN ATRIUM SPACES SO THAT  IF/WHEN SMOKE BUILDS UP, IT IS KEPT THERE TO SLOW DOWN THE SPREADING OF IT UPWARDS TO THE OTHER FLOORS

AREA OF REFUGE

• 30” x 48”

• FOR ADA, PERSON IN WHEELCHAIR, TO ACCESS EXIT WHERE MORE PROTECTED WHERE A FIREMAN CAN REACH YOU AND BE OUT OF THE WAY OF OTHERS EXITING THE BUILDING

ZONING

• LOCAL IE COUNTY/CITY/TOWN, BASED ON FAR,  SETBACKS, MAX HEIGHTS

TABLE 503 ALLOWABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND ASSEMBLIES

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH IT

BUILDING TYPES

• TYPE I: CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• TYPE II: CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• TYPE III: STEEL & CONCRETE

• TYPE IV: HEAVY TIMBER (VERY RARELY USED)

• TYPE V: LIGHT WOOD CONSTRUCTION

• THOSE HAVE A & B WITHIN THEM (EXCEPT TYPE IV)

• EFFECT FLOOR AREA AND BUILDING HEIGHT AND ALSO BUILDING MATERIALS

MAINLY TWO CATEGORIES

• LESS COMBUSTIBLE VS MORE COMBUSTIBLE

TYPE I-A AND TYPE I-B 

• NON COMBUSTIBLE AND FIRE RESISTIVE

TYPE I-A 

• HAS HIGHER FIRE RESISTANCE THAN I-B

• IE IF I-B HAS NO RATING OR 1 HR RATING, TYPE I-A MAY REQUIRE A 2HR RATING, AND THOUGH MORE STRINGENT RULE FOR ‘A’, IT CAN ALLOW TO BUILD A BIGGER/TALLER BUILDING

TYPE II-A AND TYPE II-B ARE NON COMBUSTIBLE (GENERALLY) BUT THEY ARE NOT REALLY FIRE RESISTIVE

• SO YOU CAN’T BUILD WITH THINGS THAT BURN, BUT YOU HAVE MUCH LESS REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE RESISTANCE

TYPE II-A

• MIN 1 HR RATING THROUGHOUT

TYPE II-B

• NON COMBUSTIBLE (GENERALLY) AND DOES NOT REQUIRE FIRE RATING MINIMUM

TYPE III-A AND TYPE III-B

•  GENERALLY COMBUSTIBLE AND HAVE NO EXTRA FIRE RESISTANCE, IE WOOD FRAMING

TYPE III-A 

• NEEDS FIRE RESISTANCE THROUGHOUT AND 2 HR FIRE RATING ON EXTERIOR BEARING WALLS W 1 HR RATING INTERIOR BEARING WALLS

TYPE III-B

• 1 HR FIRE RATING ON EXTERIOR WALLS AND NO FIRE RATING ON INTERIOR WALLS

TYPE IV

• HEAVY TIMBER

TYPE V-A AND TYPE V-B 

• COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION AND LESS FIRE RESISTANCE THAN TYPE III

TYPE V-A 

• NEEDS 1 HR FIRE RATING ON EXTERIOR BEARING WALLS AND NO FIRE RATING ON INTERIOR BEARING WALLS

TYPE V-B NO FIRE RATING REQUIRED

OCCUPANCY

PER SIZE OF BUILDING AND PROGRAM, WE ARE GOING TO DIVIDE THAT BY A NUMBER FROM A TABLE AND WE ARE GOING TO FIND OUT HOW MANY PEOPLE WE CAN HAVE IN EACH OF THESE AREAS.

1004.1.2 MAX FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT

IBC TABLE 2902.1 

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THIS TABLE

LOCATE OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION 

• IE A-3

• IE FOR EVERY 200 MALES WE NEED 1 SINK

• SO SAY WE HAVE 750 MALES (750 / 200 = 3.7 AND SO WE ROUND UP TO 4)

IBC TABLE 601 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS 

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THIS TABLE

IBC TABLE 508.4 REQUIRED SEPARATION OF OCCUPANCIES (HOURS) 

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THIS TABLE

OCCUPANCIES ON LEFT COLUMN AND OCCUPANCIES ON TOP ROW

• JUST IGNORE THE DASHES: ‘-’

• S = SPRINIKLERED

• NS= NOT SPRINKLERED

• N = NO SEPARATION REQUIRED

• NP = NOT PERMITTED, IE WE CAN'T HAVE GASOLINE STORED NEXT TO A HOSPITAL

IBC TABLE 602 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR EXT WALLS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION 

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THIS TABLE

BASED ON DISTANCE, TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY GROUP

•  CERTAIN FIRE RATING REQUIREMENTS TO PREVENT FIRES, ETC OF ENTIRE NEIGHBORHOODS/BLOCKS BURNING DOWN

WHICH 2 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION  ARE CONSIDERED NON COMBUSTIBLE ALLOWING FOR BIGGER BUILDINGS BUT MORE RESTRICTIONS ON USAGE OF MATERIALS?

• TYPE I AND TYPE II (GENERALLY CONCRETE BUILDINGS)

WHICH CONSTRUCTION TYPE CONSISTS OF NONCOMBUSTIBLE EXTERIOR WALLS AND INTERIOR BUILDING ELEMENTS OF ANY MATERIAL ALLOWED BY THE CODE?

• TYPE III

WHICH KIND OF PRIMARY STRUCTURE WOULD BE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION TYPE II-B?

• EXPOSED STEEL COLUMN

• TYPE II-A REQUIRES A 1 HR RATING AROUND THE STRUCTURAL COLUMN, BUT TYPE II-B REQUIRES NO RATING (GENERALLY THE A’S REQUIRE MORE OF A FIRE RATING THAN THE B’S)

FOR EGRESS STAIR

• DOORS SHOULD ALWAYS SWING IN THE DIRECTION OF EGRESS TRAVEL

REGULATORY ELEMENTS

• CORRELATE WITH THE APPROPRIATE GOVERNMENTAL LEVEL IE NATIONAL, STATE, AND LOCAL (SEE BELOW)

NATIONAL

• AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT

• FAIR HOUSING ACT

STATE

• ARCHITECTURAL LICENSE

• BUILDING CODE

LOCAL: ZONING ORDINANCE

• MASTER PLAN

• HISTORIC OVERLAYS

• COVENANTS

UNSPRINKLERED BUILDING MAX CORRIDOR LENGTH CAN BE HOW MUCH?

• 20’

A SUITE THAT NEEDS 2 EXITS IS BECAUSE IT EXCEEDS THE NUMBER OF HOW MANY OCCUPANTS?

49 PER TABLE 1015.1 SPACES WITH ONE EXIT OR EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY

NUMBER OF EXITS PER OCCUPANT LOAD

• 0-49 PEOPLE = 1 EXIT

• 50-500 PEOPLE = 2 EXITS

• 501-1000 PEOPLE = 3 EXITS

• OVER 1000 PEOPLE = 4 EXITS

WHAT IS THE REQUIRED CLEAR FLOOR SPACE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WITH A DISABILITY PER ICC A117.1-2009 AS FAR AS THE LENGTH AND WIDTH?

• 48” x 30”

STANDARD PULL SIDE FRONT APPROACH PER ICC A117.1

• 60” MIN OFFSET FROM THE FRONT ORIGINATING FROM THE SWING SIDE OF DOOR

• 18” MIN OFF TO THE SIDE FROM FRONT OF DOOR PULL

HOW MANY TOTAL OCCUPANTS CAN A STAIR WITH A WIDTH OF 3’-8” 

• 44” / 0.3 = 146.67 (IN THIS CASE WE NEED TO ROUND DOWN TO 146 PEOPLE)

• WE DIVIDE BY 0.3 PER 1005.3.1 OF IBC FOR NON SPRINKLERED BUILDING

ORDER OF TASKS 

1. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

• HELPS DETERMINE OCCUPANCY COUNT (PER CODE HOW MANY PEOPLE BUILDING CAN HANDLE)

• HELPS DETERMINE NUMBER OF EXITS, EXIT WIDTHS, NUMBER OF TOILETS, ETC

2. HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS

• CONCRETE (GENERALLY TYPE I-A/B OR TYPE II-A/B)

• STEEL (GENERALLY TYPE III-A/B)

• WOOD (GENERALLY TYPE V A/B)

3. CONSTRUCTION TYPE

IF WE CAN’T MEET THE REQUIRED SQ FOOTAGE AFTER RUNNING THROUGH THESE STEPS/NUMBERS WE MIGHT CIRCLE BACK AND HAVE TO CHANGE THE BUILDING TYPE TO ALLOW FOR A LARGER BUILDING

OCCUPANCY TYPES

ASSEMBLIES GROUP - A

A-1

• THEATERS, CONCERT HALLS, CINEMAS

• MORE STRICT OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

• TYPICALLY DARK, LOTS OF PEOPLE, DANGEROUS PERFORMANCE

A-2

• BANQUET HALLS, RESTAURANTS, CAFETERIAS, ETC

• LESS STRICT

A-3

• IE BOWLING ALLEYS, COURTROOMS, FUNERAL PARLORS, LIBRARIES

• NOT SO MANY PEOPLE

• NOT AS DANGEROUS

A-4

• ARENAS, TENNIS COURTS, SWIMMING POOLS

A-5

• OUTDOOR STADIUM

• LOTS OF PEOPLE, BUT OUTSIDE

BUSINESS GROUP - B

• OFFICES, BANKS, CAR WASHES, POST OFFICES, TELEVISION STATIONS, COLLEGES/UNIVERSITIES CLASSROOMS OVER 50 OCCUPANTS

• NOT STORES OR PLACES WHERE PEOPLE GATHERED THAT DON’T KNOW THEIR WAY AROUND

• NOT A LOT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

EDUCATIONAL GROUP - E

• SIX OR MORE PEOPLE FROM DAYCARE TO 12TH GRADE

• SMALL DAYCARES LESS THAN 5 PEOPLE CAN BE CLASSIFIED UNDER THE RESIDENTIAL GROUP R-3

• NOT A COLLEGE LECTURE HALL

FACTORY GROUP - F

• BROKEN UP INTO SEVERAL DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

• GROUP F IS FOR MODERATE HAZARD MANUFACTURING

• IF IT IS NOT ON THE LIST, YOU WILL NEED TO CONTACT A CODE OFFICIAL

F - 1 (MODERATE HAZARD GROUP)

• MANUFACTURING BICYCLE, BOATS, ELECTRONICS, PLASTIC, OR WOODWORKING

F-2 (NON COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS  GROUP)

• MANUFACTURING PACKAGING, METALS, BRICKS, BEVERAGES, ETC

HIGH HAZARD GROUP - H

• PROCESS THAT COULD HARMFUL TO HEALTH

• COMBUSTIBLE DUST, EXPLOSIVES, UNSTABLE CHEMICALS, MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTORS, CORROSIVE MATERIALS, ETC

• HAS DIFFERENT LEVELS: H - 1, H - 2, H - 3, H - 4, H - 5

• DOES NOT HAVE TO BE MANUFACTURING

INSTITUTIONAL GROUP - I

I - 1

• ASSISTED LIVING AND GROUP HOMES

I - 2

• HOSPITALS AND NURSING HOMES

• MORE STRINGENT RULES IN THE CODE

• PLACES WHERE SOME PEOPLE MAY BE IMMOBILE OR LESS MOBILE THAN I-1 OCCUPANTS

I - 3

• JAILS AND PRISONS

***IF GROUP - I IS 5 OR FEWER PEOPLE, IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS RESIDENTIAL IF IT IS SPRINKLERED***

MERCANTILE GROUP - M

• RETAIL, MARKETS, DRUG STORES

RESIDENTIAL GROUP - R

R - 1 = VERY STRINGENT

• HOTELS, TRANSIENT, TEMPORARY PLACES

• A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO PROBABLY DO NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO DURING AN EMERGENCY

R - 2

• APARTMENTS, DORMITORIES, FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, OTHER NON-TRANSIENT MULTIFAMILY

• STILL A LOT OF PEOPLE, BUT THEY KNOW WHERE TO GO IN AN EMERGENCY

R - 3 = NOT SO STRINGENT

• SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE OR DUPLEXES

• HALFWAY HOUSES, ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES, DAYCARES 

• AGAIN, IF OVER 5 PEOPLE, IF NOT, CONSIDERED R - 3

• IF MORE THAN 5 BUT LESS THAN 16 PEOPLE IN A 24 HOUR HALFWAY HOUSE, ASSISTED LIVING FACILITY, OR DAYCARE THEN IT CAN BE CONSIDERED R - 4

STORAGE GROUP - S

• FOR STORAGE ROOMS THAT ARE BIGGER THAN 100 SF

• IF LESS THAN 100 SF IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE OCCUPANCY OF THE SPACE IT IS IN

• IF YOUR STORAGE IS MORE THAN 100 SF THERE MAY BE EXTRA RULES IN THE CODE YOU HAVE TO ABIDE BY

S - 1

• MODERATE HAZARDS STORAGE

• AEROSOLS, SHOES, MATTRESSES, SUGAR, ETC

S - 2

• LOW HAZARD STORAGE

• FRUIT, VEGETABLES, BAGGED CEMENT, METALS, ETC

UTILITY GROUP - U

• UTILITY AND MISC. BUILDINGS

• BARNS, CARPORTS, GREENHOUSES, SHEDS, ETC

FIRE SEPARATION

• FOR A 2 HR WALL, THE PENETRATION ALSO NEEDS TO HAVE A 2 HR RATING

• IF 1 HR WALL, NEEDS I HR FIRE BLOCKING (FIRE BLOCKING IE WOOD OR SOME SORT OF OTHER BARRIER)

• IF 2 HR WALL, NEEDS TO HAVE 2 HR FIRE STOP (FIRESTOP IS A GUE THAT YOU PUT IN AT THE PENETRATION)

TYPE - 1 BUILDING

• MUST HAVE AN EXTERIOR WALL THAT IS NON COMBUSTIBLE. 

• DOES THE BALCONY THAT PROJECTS FROM THAT WALL ALSO NEED TO BE NON COMBUSTIBLE?

• YES, IT DOES

• SO DO CORNICES AND EAVE OVERHANGS AS WELL

• THEY NEED TO CONFORM TO THE EXTERIOR WALL REQUIREMENTS

EXTERIOR WALLS MUST HAVE A FIRE RESISTANCE RATING TO ACCOUNT FOR FIRE EXPOSURE FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

• INSIDE ONLY?

• OUTSIDE ONLY?

• BOTH SIDES?

• INSIDE ONLY OR BOTH SIDES

IF NEIGHBORING BUILDING HAS A FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE THAT IS  GREATER THAN 5’

• INSIDE ONLY

IF NEIGHBORING BUILDING HAS A FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE THAT IS LESS THAN 5’ 

• BOTH SIDES

FIRE SEPARATION

• DISTANCE BETWEEN YOUR BUILDING AND THE LOT LINE

OR

• DISTANCE BETWEEN YOUR BUILDING AND HALF THE DISTANCE TO THE NEIGHBORING BUILDING

OR

• DISTANCE BETWEEN YOUR BUILDING AND HALFWAY ACROSS THE STREET

PARAPETS ARE REQUIRED

• WHERE THE EXTERIOR WALL IS REQUIRED TO BE FIRE RESISTANT RATED

ZONING VS LIFE SAFETY

• YOU HAVE TO GO WITH THE CODE THAT IS MOST STRINGENT

FIRE SPRINKLERS

• CAN BE SET OFF ACCIDENTALLY IF THE BULB THAT KEEPS WATER BACK MELTS SAY IF IT GETS TOO HOT VIA HEAT GAIN THROUGH A SKYLIGHT OR IF IT IS TOO CLOSE TO A HEATER THAT IS CONSTANTLY BLOWING HEAT AT IT TO WHERE  IT GETS IT TO BE  OVER 160 DEGREES

• HIGH TEMPERATURE SPRINKLERS AVAILABLE FOR SPRINKLERS THAT ARE CLOSE TO A SKYLIGHT OR A HEATER

• TO AVOID THE OPPOSITE PROBLEM OF  FREEZING, YOU WANT TO USE A DRY PIPE WHICH USES AIR AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PIPE INSTEAD OF WATER SO THAT THE WATER IN THE PIPE DOES NOT FREEZE AND BLOCK THE WATER FLOW FOR WHEN IT NEEDS TO SPRAY. THE FIRST FEW SECONDS WILL BE BLOWING OUT AIR, BUT THE WATER WILL FOLLOW SHORTLY THEREAFTER

FIRE SEPARATION

• NO SEPARATION NEEDED BETWEEN THE SAME SET OF OCCUPANCY

2 HR RATED WALL NEEDS HOW MANY LAYERS OF GYP BOARD ON EA SIDE?

• 2 LAYERS ON EA SIDE

GENERALLY SPEAKING

• 1 LAYER ON EA SIDE = 1 HR RATED WALL

• 2 LAYER ON EA SIDE = 2 HR RATED WALL

• 3 LAYER ON EA SIDE = 3 HR RATED WALL

TYPE X GYPSUM BOARD

• ⅝” THICK AND IT HAS A DENSER CORE WITH GLASS FIBERS

DOES MAX CORRIDOR LENGTH INCREASE IN SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS?

• YES

• SPRINKLERED: 200’

• NON SPRINKLERED: 150’

MAY A NON COMBUSTIBLE BUILDING USE VINYL FLOORING?

• YES, IF THE VINYL FLOOR ITSELF IS FIRE RATED

ARE ARCHITECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT FIRE SEPARATION IS MAINTAINED?

• YES, NOT ONLY FOR DESIGN, BUT SOMETIMES FOR CONSTRUCTION AS WELL

WHEN RENOVATING A HISTORIC BUILDING, WHERE IS THERE MORE FLEXIBILITY, IN THE ACCESSIBILITY CODE OR THE FIRE CODE?

• FIRE CODE! FIRE CODE! FIRE CODE!

WHY DO SKYSCRAPERS STEP BACK AS THEY GO UP?

• EXTERIOR WALL SEPARATION DISTANCE AS FIRE SEPARATION RULES ONLY TAKE EFFECT IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS AFTER FLOOR ‘X’

WHICH IS BEST PRACTICE IN A FIRE, TO PRESSURIZE A BUILDING OR TO EXHAUST A BUILDING?

• BOTH!

CODE HACKS

• 50 OR MORE PEOPLE TRIGGERS REQUIREMENT FOR SECOND EGRESS

• 300 PEOPLE IN A BUILDING TRIGGERS THE REQUIREMENT FOR A CENTRAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM, SAFE AREAS, BACKUP GENERATOR

• A SECOND FLOOR TRIGGERS A REQUIREMENT FOR MULTIPLE STAIRS AND AN ELEVATOR

• IF YOUR BUILDING HAS ANY OF THESE SPACES THEY ARE A TRIGGER: RESTAURANT, GYM, ASSEMBLY SPACE, TRANSIENT OR TEMPORARY RESIDENTIAL IE A HOTEL, STORAGE ROOMS OVER 100 SF

• IF BUILDING REQUIRES STANDPIPE SYSTEMS, IT WILL BE MORE EXPENSIVE

• 16 UNITS OR MORE IN A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

• CHANGE OF USE IN AN EXISTING BUILDING THAT REQUIRES A CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY

• ESPECIALLY FOR PRESERVATION CASES

• WILL REQUIRE A LOT OF REVIEWS EVEN IF THE CHANGE IS RELATIVELY SMALL

• GREEDY OR INTRANSIGENT NEIGHBOR

TYPES OF REPAIRS/ALTERATIONS

REPAIRS

• PATCHING, RESTORING/REPLACING DAMAGED MATERIALS OR FIXTURE

• TRYING TO MAINTAIN THE COMPONENTS IN GOOD CONDITION

LEVEL 1 ALTERATIONS

• REMOVING, REPLACING, OR COVERING SOMETHING WITH A NEW MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT, OR FIXTURE

• THE NEW MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT, OR FIXTURE SERVES THE SAME PURPOSE

LEVEL 2 ALTERATIONS

• RECONFIGURING THE SPACE

• ADDING OR REMOVING AN ELEMENT FROM A SPACE

• EXTENDING, RECONFIGURING, OR INSTALLING A NEW SYSTEM

LEVEL 3 ALTERATIONS

• WHEN THE WORK EXCEEDS MORE THAN 50% OF THE BUILDING AREA

• YOU WILL NEED TO WORK WITH A CODE OFFICIAL TO DECIDE WHAT LEVEL RENOVATION A PROJECT WILL BE BECAUSE OF THE OVERLAPS BETWEEN LEVELS

WHICH CONSTRUCTION TYPE CONSISTS OF NONCOMBUSTIBLE EXTERIOR WALLS AND INTERIOR BUILDING ELEMENTS OF ANY MATERIAL ALLOWED BY THE CODE?

• TYPE III

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

A WARRANTY

• POSES THE MOST RISK FOR THE ARCHITECT IF MENTIONED IN THE CONTRACT

PHRASES IN A CONTRACT BY AN OWNER THAT MAY VOID COVERAGE BY ARCH’S INSURANCE

• AS REQUIRED

• AS NECESSARY

• HOLD HARMLESS

• INDEMNIFICATION

TAIL INSURANCE

• INSURANCE THAT COVERS YOU ONCE YOU HAVE RETIRED

CONDOS AND RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS POSE THE MOST RISK

• HIGH EXPECTATIONS

• HOA

• ETC

CHANGE TO DRAWINGS AFTER GONE OUT TO BID BUT BEFORE CONTRACTOR SELECTED

• ADDENDUM

THE FOLLOWING FOUR TYPICALLY CONTRACT WITH THE ARCHITECT DIRECTLY

• CIVIL ENGINEER

• LANDSCAPE CONSULTANT

• LIGHTING CONSULTANT

• MECH/PLUMBING ENGINEER

THE FOLLOWING FOUR TYPICALLY CONTRACT WITH THE ARCHITECT DIRECTLY

• A/V CONSULTANT

• CODE CONSULTANT

• LIGHTING CONSULTANT

• COST ESTIMATOR

OWNER RESPONSIBLE FOR

• SITE, SURVEY, PERMITTING, AND COMPLIANCE

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER AND NOT RESPONSIBILITIES  OF CIVIL ENGINEER

• SUBSURFACE SOIL ANALYSIS

AIA DOCUMENT B101 (OWNER-ARCHITECT AGREEMENT)

• AUTOMOTIVE LIABILITY INSURANCE

• RISK FROM AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS, BIGGEST RISK AN OFFICE HAS

• LIABILITY EXTENDS FROM OWNERS CAR TO EVEN TAXI

• GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE

• BASIC INSURANCE THAT COVERS PROPERTY DAMAGE INJURY CLAIMS AGAINST THE FIRM

• PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE

• ERRORS AND OMISSIONS INSURANCE

• PROTECTS AGAINST SOMEONE CLAIMING YOU DIDN'T DO YOUR JOB RIGHT

• WORKERS COMPENSATION

• COVERS SOMEBODY GETTING INJURED ON THE JOB

• PROVIDES WAGE REPLACEMENT AND MEDICAL COVERAGE

• IN EXCHANGE THE WORKER CANNOT SUE THE OFFICE

EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE LIABILITY INSURANCE

• PROTECTS YOUR FIRM FROM A WRONGFUL TERMINATION SUIT

• IE IF SOMEONE IS CLAIMING YOU FIRED THEM IN A WRONGFUL WAY

PORTION OF INSURANCE YOU NEED TO PAY

• DEDUCTIBLE

ARCHITECT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

• REVIEWING THE CONTRACTOR'S INVOICES TO THE OWNER

BEFORE BID PHASE, OWNER CHANGES SOMETHING

• ARCHITECT SHOULD REDESIGN BUT CHARGE THE OWNER MORE FOR THE ADDITIONAL DESIGN SERVICES

AFTER BUILDING IS BUILT, WHO OWNS THE DRAWINGS AND SPECS?

• THE ARCHITECT

•  GIVING THE OWNER AND THE CONTRACTOR A LIMITED LICENSE TO BUILD THE BUILDING

• IF OWNER USES DRAWINGS FOR A RESTAURANT AND WANTS TO BUILD MORE OF THE SAME AS A CHAIN, ARCHITECT NEEDS TO CHARGE FOR THE OTHER IE 99 RESTAURANTS THAT OWNER WANTS TO BUILD

WHEN CAN AN OWNER GET RIGHTS TO THE DRAWING EVEN WHEN THE ARCHITECT DOES NOT WANT TO GIVE THEM?

• WHEN ARCH IS TERMINATED FOR CAUSE, IE WHEN ARCH DID SOMETHING WRONG, OWNER CAN FIRE THE ARCHITECT AND STILL USE DRAWINGS

15.3

EXTRA SERVICES LIST

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH IT

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE FOLLOWING

• CIRCULATION AREA

• GROSS AREA

• TOTAL MEASURED TO EXTERIOR FACE

• NET AREA

• RENTABLE AREA

• USABLE AREA

FLOOR AREA RATIO OF A FIVE-STORY BUILDING  WITH A 20,000 SF BUILDING ON A 100,000 SF LOT

• 1.0

GROSSING FACTOR

• RENTABLE AREA / USABLE AREA

19 - 28

EXERCISES ON HOURLY RATE, UTILIZATION RATE, ETC

DESIGN BID BUILD

ARCHITECT < OWNER > CONTRACTOR

• OWNER CONTRACTS WITH THE ARCHITECT AND OWNER ALSO CONTRACTS WITH CONTRACTOR

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER AS ADVISOR

         CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

        ^

ARCHITECT < OWNER > CONTRACTOR

• OWNER CONTRACTS WITH THE ARCH, OWNER CONTRACTS WITH CONT, AND OWNER ALSO CONTRACTS W A CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

• CONSTRUCTION MANAGER CAN WORK W ARCH ON THINGS LIKE COST, CONSTRUCTABILITY, ETC

• CONSTRUCTION MANAGER IS MANAGING THE PROJECT BUT NOT FROM AN ADMINISTRATIVE POINT OF VIEW, HE IS NOT ENGAGING IN CONTRACTS WITH THE ARCHITECT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER AS AGENT

                                     OWNER

                        ^

ARCHITECT < CONSTRUCTION MANAGER > CONTRACTOR

• OWNER CONTRACTS WITH THE CM AND THE CM CONTRACTS W THE ARCH AND ALSO W THE CONTRACTOR 

• IN THIS CASE THE CONSTRUCTION MANAGER HAS MORE AUTHORITY BUT NOT NECESSARILY MORE RISK

• CONSTRUCTION MANAGER MANAGES AND ADMINISTERS THE CONTRACTS

• RFI’S GO THROUGH THE CM

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER AS CONSTRUCTOR

ARCHITECT < OWNER > CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

• OWNER CONTRACTS WITH THE ARCH, AND OWNER ALSO CONTRACTS WITH CONTRACTOR

• CONSTRUCTION MANAGER INSTEAD OF ADMINISTERING IT, ACTUALLY BUILDS IT, BUMPING OUT THE CONTRACTOR

DESIGN-BUILD

OWNER > (ARCHITECT + CONSTRUCTION MANAGER)

• OWNER HAS ONE CONTRACT WITH CONTRACTOR AND ARCHITECT AS ONE ENTITY UNDER ONE UMBRELLA

• LESS RISK

• QUICKER

BRIDGED DESIGN BUILD

DESIGN ARCHITECT < OWNER > (ARCHITECT + CONSTRUCTION MANAGER)

• DESIGN ARCHITECT WITH THE OWNER IN MIND

• BRIDGING CONSULTANT

• DESIGN ARCHITECT

INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY METHOD

(ARCHITECT + OWNER + CONTRACTOR)

• JOINT TOGETHER AS A SINGLE ENTITY

• SHARE INFORMATION WITH EACH OTHER WITHOUT FEAR OF LITIGATION

• SHARE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF THE PROJECT

• USED MAINLY FOR LARGE AND COMPLEX PROJECTS RIGHT NOW

NEGOTIATED SELECT TEAM PROJECT DIFFERS FROM TRADITIONAL DESIGN BID BUILD

• IN THAT FABRICATION STARTS EARLY

• BRING IN CONTRACTOR EARLY WITH A PROFIT MULTIPLIER WITH OVERHEAD ALREADY ESTABLISHED

• IE A SOPHISTICATED CURTAIN WALL CAN START EARLY WHILE ARCHITECT STILL FINISHING THEIR DRAWINGS

• AND BETTER QUALITY IE CONTRACTOR ESTABLISHED BEFORE HAND

TYPES OF BIDS

• NEGOTIATED BID: BETTER QUALITY

• COMPETITIVE BID: LOWER CONSTRUCTION COSTS

• INVITED BID: SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS

HOW DOES COST PLUS FIXED FEE DIFFER FROM TRADITIONAL DESIGN BID BUILD

• CONTRACTOR IS DISINCENTIVIZE FROM ALLOWING CONSTRUCTION COSTS TO BALLOON

FOR A BROWNFIELD SITE BEST TO GO WITH

• COST PLUS FIXED FEE

• DUE TO ALL OF THE POTENTIAL UNKNOWNS IE HAZARDOUS SOILS, ETC

• COSTS WONT BALLOON

BEST FOR INEXPERIENCED OWNER WHO WANTS SOMETHING COMPLEX WITH AN AGGRESSIVE SCHEDULE

• CONSTRUCTION MANAGER AS AGENT

PREDICTABLE RESTAURANT CHAIN, THE BEST OPTION WOULD BE TO GO WITH

• TRADITIONAL DESIGN BID BUILD

WHICH ENTITY IS INTENDED TO BE MOST TEMPORARY

• STRATEGIC ALLIANCE

• A GROUP OF PEOPLE AGREEING TO GET A PROJECT AND DO A PROJECT AND ONCE THE PROJECT IS DONE FOR THEM TO DISSOLVE

• GROUP OF COMPANIES IE ARCHI, CONTRACTOR, ARTIST, CONSULTANT, ETC

• AGREE TO SHARE TECHNOLOGIES AND EXPERTISE

• AGREEMENTS HAVE CLAUSES FOR  NOT POACHING EMPLOYEES OF OTHER TEAMS, MEMBERS RECEIVING APPROP CREDIT, ETC

JOINT VENTURE

• TYPICALLY INTENDED TO BE LONGER

• TWO OR MORE COMPANIES GET TOGETHER AND CREATE A SEPERATE COMPANY

• AFTER PROJECT IS DONE, THEY CAN CONTINUE TO GO FOR MORE PROJECTS AS THIS SEPARATE ENTITY

PARTNERSHIP

• TRUE MARRIAGE 

WHICH ENTITY PROVIDES SIMULTANEOUS LIABILITY PROTECTION AND AVOIDS DOUBLE TAXATION

• LLC

BREAK DOWN OF BUSINESS ENTITIES

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

• NO PROTECTION

GENERAL PARTNERSHIP

• NO PROTECTION

LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (LLC)

• LIABILITY PROTECTION/FLEXIBILITY

LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP (LLP)

• LIABILITY PROTECTION/DIFFERENT TIERS OF PARTNERS

S-CORP

• SINGLE TAXATION

C-CORP

• DOUBLE TAXATION

B-CORP

• ALSO DOES GOOD FOR COMMUNITY, ETC

SPI (44 - 45  PRACTICE PROBLEM OF BUDGET/TIMELINE/PROJECT PROGRESS)

• EARNED VALUE / PLANNED VALUE

SPI OF 1 

• MEANS YOU ARE RIGHT ON SCHEDULE

• YOUR EARNED VALUE = YOUR PLANNED VALUE 

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT

• ESTABLISHED MIN WAGE

• ESTABLISH WHO IS MANAGEMENT

• ESTABLISHES WHO IS PAID FOR OVERTIME

• FORBIDS CHILD LABOR

THE DAVIS-BACON ACT

• FOR PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS

• FAIR LOCAL PREVAILING WAGE SHOULD BE PAID

• CAN'T BE MIN WAGE THAT IS SO LOW THAT ALL WORKERS ARE ON FOOD STAMPS, ETC

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA)

• PROTECTS FROM HAZARDS ON THE JOB

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

• OBAMACARE

• APPLIES TO ARCH FIRMS, HUMAN RESOURCES IN PARTICULAR

• FIRMS FOR MORE THAN 50 PEOPLE TO PAY 95% OF HEALTH CARE INSURANCE

WHICH TYPE OF BID IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SLOWEST CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

• INVITED BID

• PREQUALIFIED CONTRACTORS, PRESELECTED THAT THE DESIGN BID BUILD IS OPEN ONLY TOO

PHASED BID 

• IS USED DURING FAST TRACK CONSTRUCTION, PORTIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTION BID ON PIECEMEAL, IE A CURTAIN WALL BEING FABRICATED AHEAD OF TIME BEFORE ALL OF THE DRAWINGS ARE DONE

NEGOTIATED BID

• CONTRACTOR BROUGHT ON AT THE INCEPTION OF THE PROJECT ALONG WITH THE  ARCHITECT

• FINAL BID BETWEEN THE CONTRACTOR AND OWNER

• BETTER QUALITY BUT HIGHER COST BECAUSE THE CONTRACTOR IS WORKING WITH THE ARCHITECT IN REAL TIME

BID BONDS AND/OR PERFORMANCE BONDS

• PROTECTS AN OWNER FROM A BUILDER DEFAULTING ON A CONTRACT

LATE BIDS ARE NOT ACCEPTED FOR PUBLIC PROJECTS WHERE THERE ARE SEALED BIDS

• IT IS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION

• SO THAT A LATE BIDDER CAN'T WAIT TO SEE WHAT THE LOWEST BID IS AND BID LESS THAN THAT

HOW LONG DOES A CONTRACTOR’S WARRANTY LAST?

• 1 YEAR

• PER AIA DOCUMENT CONTRACTOR PROVIDES A WARRANTY

• OR EVEN UNTIL STATUTE OF LIMITATION EXPIRES

A PROJECT IS LATE WHEN

• SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION COMES LATE (BUILDING IS FIT FOR ITS INTENDED USE)

IF CONTRACTOR NEEDS MORE TIME WHO PAYS FOR THAT?

• IF THE CONTRACTOR IS AT FAULT, THEN HIM

• IF ARCH, THEN ARCH

• IF OWNER, THEN OWNER

PATH OF INVOICES TO THE OWNER

• CONTRACTOR > ARCHITECT > OWNER

55

RETAINAGE

• MONEY OWED TO THE CONTRACTOR BUT INTENTIONALLY NOT PAID YET

MECHANIC’S LIEN

• METHOD FOR SUBCONTRACTORS TO GET PAID

CONTRACTOR SUBMITS INCORRECT SHOP DRAWINGS AND THE ARCH APPROVES THEM, WHO IS LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE?

• CONTRACTOR

RESPONSIBILITIES:

ARCHITECT CONTRACTOR

INSTRUMENTS OF SERVICE SHOP DRAWINGS

CONTRACT DRAWINGS

ARCHITECTS DRAW THE INTENT OF SOMETHING BUT IE THE TYPE OF WELD THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IS DETERMINED BY CONTRACTOR OR HIS SUBS

IF THE DESIGN CRITERIA IN THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS ARE INADEQUATE WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?

• ARCHITECT

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING THE BUILDING OPERATOR WITH THE CHILLER OPERATIONS MANUAL?

• CONTRACTOR

• 3 COPIES IN LOOSE LEAF BINDERS OF OPERATING MAINTENANCE DATE

POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION MEASURES A COMPLETED BUILDING’S EFFECTIVENESS BY

• SURVEYING OCCUPANTS SATISFACTION

ZONES (PERTAINING TO AN INDIVIDUAL/PERSON) MEASURED IN RADIUS

• INTIMATE SPACE +/- 1.5 FEET

• PERSONAL SPACE +/- 4 FEET

• SOCIAL SPACE +/- 12 FEET

• __________ SPACE +/- 25 FEET

MOST FIRMS FOR PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENTS USE

• ACCRUAL BASIS ACCOUNTING

TWO DIFF BASIS OF ACCOUNTING

• ACCRUAL

• SORT OF LIKE A CREDIT CARD

• TAKES INTO ACCOUNT FEES THAT ARE YET TO BE PAID AND HAVE NOT YET BEEN RECEIVED

• CASH BASIS

• MORE LIKE A DEBIT CARD

ADDED IN WHEN CALCULATING NET OPERATING REVENUE

• FEES PAID BY THE CLIENT AS A MARKUP PERCENTAGE FOR PLOTTING OVER AND ABOVE THE COST OF PLOTTING INCURRED BY THE FIRM

CURRENT EARNINGS

• VALUE CALCULATED AFTER TAXES ARE DEDUCTED FROM INCOME

NET PROFIT

• CALCULATED BEFORE TAXES AND DISTRIBUTIONS (BONUSES OF OWNERS)

• WHAT IS LEFT OVER ONCE YOU’VE PAID EVERYONE WHO WORKS FOR YOU AND ALL OF YOUR BILLS BUT BEFORE YOU PAY YOUR TAXES AND DISTRIBUTION

PROFIT TO EARNINGS RATIO

• PROFIT / NET OPERATING REVENUE (WHICH IS AFTER BILLS PAID BUT BEFORE EMPLOYEES ARE PAID)

NET BILLING

• FEES FOR THE ARCHITECT’S TIME, ESSENTIALLY THE CORE OF WHAT ARCH IS CHARGING FOR

PROSPECT

• PROPOSAL THAT HAS MORE THAN 50% CHANCE OF BECOMING A FUTURE REVENUE-GENERATING PROJECT

SUSPECT

• HAS LESS THAN 50% CHANCE OF BECOMING A PROJECT

PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING

• UTILIZATION RATE

• IE 80%, 80% OF TIME IS BILLABLE TO CLIENT

• OVERHEAD RATE

• IF OVERHEAD RATE IS $10 THAN $10 PLUS HOURLY RATE = BREAK EVEN MULTI

• BREAK-EVEN MULTIPLIER

• (SEE ABOVE)

• PROFIT-TO-EARNINGS RATIO

• PROFIT/EARNINGS

• IF $20 PROF / $100 EARN = 20% PTE RATION (WHICH WOULD BE KIND OF LOW)

• NET REVENUE PER EMPLOYEE

• SOMETHING ALONG THE LINES OF $100,000 PER EMPLOYEE FOR AN ACTUAL FIRM

• AGED ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

• AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN SENDING INVOICE AND GETTING PAID

• SHOULD BE NO LONGER THAN 90 DAYS OR ELSE WE ARE ESSENTIALLY LENDING MONEY TO OUR CLIENTS FOR FREE

BALANCE SHEET

• SOLVENCY (CURRENT RATIO): TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS / LIABILITIES

• LIQUIDITY: ABILITY TO CONVERT ASSETS WE HAVE INTO CASH, HIGHER NUMBERS ARE BETTER, AT LEAST 1.0

• CASH ON HAND + ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE + REVENUE WE HAVE EARNED / LIABILITIES

• LEVERAGE (DEBT TO EQUITY)

• LIABILITIES / EQUITY (IDEALLY LESS THAN 35%)

• RETURN ON EQUITY

• TARGET SHOULD BE ABOUT 20% (YES, THAT IS HIGH, NEEDLESS TO SAY, MIGHT NOT BE DOABLE, HIGH RISK)

PROFORMA

• BUSINESS PLAN

SINGLE LARGEST EXPENSE FOR AN ARCH FIRM

• EMPLOYEE SALARIES

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT HAS A COST PER LINEAR FOOT OF DRIVEWAY

• UNIT PRICING

ALLOWANCES

• WINDOW COVERINGS, LIGHT FIXTURES, FURNITURE, ETC

• AMOUNT OF MONEY SET ASIDE FOR SOMETHING NOT SPECIFIED/DETERMINED YET

• IE, A REFRIGERATOR THAT IS NOT AVAILABLE A YEAR LATER, ETC

73 - 74

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES

• MONEY OWED TO A FIRM

76

EQUITY

• MONEY COMPANY HAS MADE AND KEPT, ETC

ASSETS

• WHAT FIRM OWNS AND CAN EASILY BE CONVERTED TO CASH

LIABILITIES

• WHAT FIRM OWES CURRENTLY AND LONG TERM

EQUITY = ASSETS - LIABILITIES

• TAKE WHAT YOU HAVE MINUS WHAT YOU OWE EQUALYS YOUR EQUITY IN THE BALANCE SHEET

YOU REFUSE TO BUILD A TORTURE CHAMBER, YOU ARE PRACTICING

• CONTRACT BASED ETHICS

HOW DO YOU FILE AN ETHICAL COMPLAINT AGAINST AN ARCHITECT?

• FILED THROUGH THE NATIONAL AIA (HAS A ETHICS COUNCIL), THEY ENFORCE AND INTERPRET

MOST COMMON ETHICAL COMPLAINTS

• OTHER ARCHITECTS AND HOMEOWNERS

81 - 82

WHICH IS NOT FACTORED IN FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

• DESIGN FEES AS THEY ARE CONSIDERED SUNK COSTS

• LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS, WORKS BEST IF MULTIPLE OPTIONS THAT PERFORM ADEQUATELY BUT DIFFER IN COST TO INSTALL AND COST TO MAINTAIN

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• SETTING UP GUIDELINES AND METRICS

85 - 91

AIA DOC B101 ABLIGES ARCHITECT TO

• CONSIDER ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

DOES ARCH HAVE FIDUCIARY DUTY TO OWNER?

• NO

AIA DOC B101 ABLIGES ARCHITECT TO

• KEEP TO A SCHEDULE

AIA DOC B101 ABLIGES ARCHITECT TO OBTAIN ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT AFTER

• ALL PHASES: SD, DD, AND CD

KEEPING SOMEONE ON RETAINER MEANS

• THEY PERFORM SERVICES ON A REGULAR BASIS FOR A FIXED FEE

ARCHITECT HAS TO ACCOUNT FOR

• UTILITY SERVICES

• ACCESS

• ZONING CODE

• GOV AUTHORITIES

AIA DOC B101 EXCUSES THE ARCHITECT FROM MISTAKES ASSOCIATED WITH

• WORK DONE BY CONSULTANTS HIRED BY THE OWNER

AIA DOC B101 ABLIGES ARCHITECT TO

• VISIT THE SITE 1 YEAR AFTER SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION

GOV OWNED PUBLIC PROJECT WOULD MOST LIKELY GO WITH

• COMPETITIVE BID

ARCHITECT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

• ADMINISTRATION OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT BID PROCESS

• IE, DATE DUE, HOW IT WORKS, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN ASK ME, THE ARCH

ARCH VS CONTRACTOR

• INTENT VS MEANS AND METHODS

PER AIA B101 THE ARCH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

• RESPONDING QUICKLY TO RFI’S

ARCH HAS HOW LONG TO RESPOND TO AN RFI?

• ~2 WEEKS

RFI (REQUEST FOR INFORMATION)

• DURING CONSTRUCTION

• CONTRACTOR TO ARCH

RFP (REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL)

• BEGINNING OF THE PROJECT

• OWNER TO ARCH AND CONTRACTOR

RFS (REQUEST FOR SERVICES)

• REGULAR, HOURLY BASIS

• OWNER TO ARCHITECT

RFQ (REQUEST FOR QUALIFICATION)

• PART OF RFP OR RFS

• OWNER TO ARCH AND CONTRACTOR

RETAINAIGE IS PAID WHEN 

• SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION IS REWARDED

PER AIA DOC B101, IF THERE IS A CONFLICT, THE SEQUENCE OF RESOLUTION IS

• MEDIATION, THEN COURT SYSTEM

• IF DISPUTE, FIRST MEDIATION THEN ARBITRATION, OR FIRST MEDIATION THEN COURT SYSTEM AS WHICHEVER ONE IS INDICATED IN THE CONTRACT

PER AIA DOC A101, THE INITIAL DECISION MAKER

• RESOLVES DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN OWNER AND CONTRACTOR

CAN A MECHANIC’S LIEN BE AWARDED TO AN ARCHITECT?

• YES, IT CAN

CAN AN OWNER FIRE AN ARCHITECT JUST BECAUSE?

• YES, BUT HAS TO PAY UP FOR EVERYTHING THE ARCH HAS DONE, PLUS OUTSIDE CONSULTANTS WHOSE CONTRACTS CAN’T BE CANCELED, PLUS ARCHITECT CAN CHARGE FOR THE PROFITS HE/SHE HAVE PLANNED ON

CAN ARCHITECT EVER TRANSFER A CONTRACT TO ANOTHER ARCHITECT?

• NO

CONTRACTOR DISCOVERS THAT A COUNTER HEIGHT DOES NOT MEET ADA REQUIREMENTS, ACCORDING TO A101 AND B101, WHAT HAPPENS NOW?

• ARCHITECT’S RESPONSIBILITY BUT THE CONTRACTOR AND OWNER ARE REQUIRED TO SHARE CONCERNS

CAN YOU CHANGE AN AIA DOC TO CHANGE THE CONTRACT TERMS?

• YES

114 HUGE ASS LIST OF AIA CONTRACTS AND THEIR NUMBERS

• (SUPPOSED TO MEMORIZE)

COST OF THE WORK INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING

• CONTRACTOR’S MATERIALS

• CONTRACTOR’S LABOR

• CONTRACTOR’S PROFIT

• CONTRACTOR’S OVERHEAD

• DOES NOT INCLUDE ARCHITECT’S FEES

• DOES NOT INCLUDE COST OF LAND

ACCORDING TO AIA DOC B101 CLAIMS MUST BE BROUGHT BEFORE

• 10 YEARS

• (1YEAR US FOR WARRANTY) BUT FOR CLAIMS, IT IS TYPICALLY A STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR 10 YEARS

ACCORDING TO AIA DOC B101 IF THERE IS A CLAIM, CONTRACT ALLOWS FOR

• LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

DIFF BETWEEN CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES AND LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

• LIQUIDATED DAMAGES = COST OF DELAY

• CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES = LOSS OF BUSINESS THAT COULD HAVE OCCURRED IF U HAD MOVED INTO YOUR BUILDING

SUBMITTALS EXAMPLES

• SHOP DRAWINGS

• PRODUCT DATA SHEETS

• PRODUCT SAMPLES

• OFTEN SUBMITTED BY CONTRACTOR TO ARCHITECT FOR APPROVAL AND ARCH WILL LOOK THEM OVER

GANTT CHART

• OVER 100 YEARS OLD, HENRY GANTT CAME UP WITH IT, WHO WAS A MECH ENGINEER

• GRAPHICALLY SHOW THE ORDER OF THINGS, START OF THINGS, AND SEQUENCE OF THINGS

PERT CHART

• FLAVOR OF GANTT CHART

• ALSO INCLUDES GRAPHICALLY WHICH TASKS ARE DEPENDANT ON WHICH OTHER TASKS

ANTHROPOMETRIC PROPORTIONS

• HUMAN PROPORTIONS, ORIGINATED BY THE MILITARY TO KNOW ERGONOMIC CALCULATIONS FOR PILOT SEATS, ETC

----------

The current MasterFormat® Divisions[8][9] are:

PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS GROUP

• Division 00 — Procurement and Contracting Requirements

SPECIFICATIONS GROUP

General Requirements Subgroup

• Division 01 — General Requirements

Facility Construction Subgroup

• Division 02 — Existing Conditions

• Division 03 — Concrete

• Division 04 — Masonry

• Division 05 — Metals

• Division 06 — Wood, Plastics, and Composites

• Division 07 — Thermal and Moisture Protection

• Division 08 — Openings

• Division 09 — Finishes

• Division 10 — Specialties

• Division 11 — Equipment

• Division 12 — Furnishings

• Division 13 — Special Construction

• Division 14 — Conveying Equipment

Facility Services Subgroup:

• Division 21 — Fire Suppression

• Division 22 — Plumbing

• Division 23 — Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

• Division 25 — Integrated Automation

• Division 26 — Electrical

• Division 27 — Communications

• Division 28 — Electronic Safety and Security

Site and Infrastructure Subgroup:

• Division 31 — Earthwork

• Division 32 — Exterior Improvements

• Division 33 — Utilities

• Division 34 — Transportation

• Division 35 — Waterway and Marine Construction

Process Equipment Subgroup:

• Division 40 — Process Interconnections

• Division 41 — Material Processing and Handling Equipment

• Division 42 — Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment

• Division 43 — Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment

• Division 44 — Pollution and Waste Control Equipment

• Division 45 — Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment

• Division 46 — Water and Wastewater Equipment

• Division 48 — Electrical Power Generation

ABBREVIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS OF TRADES/DRAWINGS/NOTES/ETC ON CD SHEETS

• DISCIPLINE DESIGNATORS

• A ARCHITECTURAL

• B GEOTECHNICAL

• C CIVIL

• D PROCESS

• E ELECTRICAL

• F FIRE PROTECTION

• G GENERAL

• H HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

• I INTERIORS

• L LANDSCAPE

• M MECHANICAL

• O OPERATIONS

• P PLUMBING

• Q EQUIPMENT

• R RESOURCE

• S STRUCTURAL

• T TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• V SURVEY/MAPPING

• W CIVIL WORKS

• X OTHER DISCIPLINES

• Z CONTRACTOR/SHOP DRAWINGS

• SHEET TYPE DESIGNATORS ARE

• 0 SCHEDULES, MASTER KEYNOTE LEGEND, GENERAL NOTES

• 1 PLANS

• 2 ELEVATIONS

• 3 SECTIONS

• 4 LARGE SCALE VIEWS

• 5 DETAILS

• 6 SCHEDULES AND DIAGRAMS

• 7 USER DEFINED

• 8 USER DEFINED

• 9 3D REPRESENTATIONS

• KEYNOTES

• ABBREVIATIONS THAT MAY BE COORDINATED W CSI MASTERFORMAT